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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_6035_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
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antitumor activity , significantly inhibiting the proliferation of tumor cell lines, according to
Otsuki et al. (2010). Subsequent C. papaya leaves aqueous extract addition, IL-4 and IL-2
production was decreased, however IL-12p70, sTNF-α, IL-12p40, and IFN-γ production
was increased. The addition of extract increased the cytotoxicity of PBMCs against the
human CML cell line (K562).
5.2.16 CENTELLA ASIATICA (L.) URB. (FAMILY: UMBELLIFERAE)
Centella asiatica commonly known as Mandukparni grows up to an altitude of 650 m
and thrives in moist regions of India. The plant possesses many medical applications as it
shows sedative, spasmolytic, antianxiety, and antistress effects. Additionally, C. asiatica
extract and its primary component, asiaticoside, are reported to have immunomodulatory
activity by raising the phagocytic index and total WBC count. The aqueous extract of
C. asiatica significantly boosts IL-2 and TNF-α production along with proliferation in
PBMCs. Contrary, an ethanol extract of C. asiatica reduced the generation of IL-2 and
TNF-α as well as mitogenesis in human PBMC (Mukherjee et al., 2014).
5.2.17 CICHORIUM INTYBUS L. (FAMILY: ASTERACEAE)
Cichorium intybus is used extensively in traditional Indian medicine to cure diverse ailments
including enlarged spleen, gallstones, urinary tract irritation, fever, vomiting, and diarrhea.
The lymphocyte proliferation with PHA was completely inhibited by a 70% ethanolic
extract of the C. intybus, according to research. The effects of C. intybus ethanolic extract
were studied on ethanol immunotoxicity using an ICR strain of mice. According to the
findings, mice treated with ethanol alone exhibited a considerable decrease in the number
of circulating leukocytes and a rise in the relative weights of the liver, spleen, and thymus.
A substantial upsur ge in delayed-type hypersensitive reaction, natural killer cell, and phagocytic activity with the proliferation of cells, along with IFN-production, were observed in
mice who received both ethanol and C. intybus extract (Gharagozloo and Ghaderi, 2001).
5.2.18 CRYPTOLEPIS DUBIA (BURM.F.) M.R. ALMEIDA (FAMILY: APOCYNACEAE)
The ethanolic extract of Cryptolepis dubia roots showed immunomodulatory effects on
mice and rats. Oral consumption of C. buchanani root extract leads to humoral antibody
production and DTH reaction. In both rats and mice, oral LD
was discovered as >3 g/kg
50
(Ranjan et al., 1998).
5.2.19 CITRUS AURANTIIFOLIA (CHRISTM.) SWINGLE (FAMILY: RUTACEAE)
Gharagozloo and Ghaderi (2001) examined the immunomodulatory potential of juice
concentrate of Citrus aurantiifolia in vitro. The immunomodulatory potential of the extract
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was examined in mitogen-activated cultured mononuclear cells. The outcomes of the
cultures showed that C. aurantifolia extracts effectively and dose-dependently reduced
the growth of PHA-activated mononuclear cells. Mononuclear cells triggered by staphylococcal protein A could not proliferate when the extract was administered at a concentration
of 500 g/ml (Yadav et al., 2005).
5.2.20 CURCUMA LONGA L. (FAMILY: ZINGIBERACEAE)
The perennial plant Curcuma longa is commonly used throughout the country. The rhizome
of C. longa contains a wide range of therapeutic benefits, including anti-inflammatory,
immunomodulatory , analgesic, and wound-healing properties. Curcumin, the chief component
of C. longa, has a significant immune-modulatory effect. It is recognized for its ability to
augment macrophage phagocytic activity, alpha-esterase positive cell count, and bone
marrow cellularity. There is strong evidence that curcumin can control T cell activation and
proliferation. According to research, curcumin prevents T lymphocytes obtained from healthy
donors from proliferating when exposed to PHA, phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), or both
(Mishra et al., 2005). Curcumin can decrease the production of NF-κB and IL-2, with the
proliferation of human PBMC triggered by PHA (Yadav et al., 2005).
5.2.21 DESMODIUM GANGETICUM (L.) DC. (FAMILY: FABACEAE)
It is a tiny shrub native to tropical climates, used for inflammatory disorders of the chest
and other organs, as a febrifuge, anticatarrhal, digestive aid, antiemetic, and bitter tonic.
Alkaloids, flavone, and isoflavonoid glycosides have also been linked to Desmodium
gangeticum. This species’ total alkaloids exhibited anticholinesterase, smooth muscle
stimulant, central nervous system (CNS) stimulant, and depressive effects. According
to Mishra et al. (2005), the amino glucosyl glycerolipid of D. gangeticum shows immunomodulatory properties. This bioactive compound increased the generation of NO and
provided resistance to the protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani infection of peritoneal
macrophages as demonstrated in vitro (Christybapita et al., 2007).
5.2.22 ECLIPTA PROSTRATA (L.) (FAMILY: ASTERACEAE)
The whole plant contains 1.6% wedelolactone, extracted using methanol, and demonstrated immunomodulatory effects in vivo. The levels of antibody titer, white blood cell
count, phagocytic index, and the F ratios of the phagocytic index demonstrated noteworthy
increases subsequent to the administration of five doses (ranging from 100 to 500 mg/kg
body weight). The highest linearity patterns of the dose-response relationship were found
in the case of phagocytic index and lower in the case of antibody titer . An in-vivo investigation revealed that the aqueous extract of Eclipta prostrata leaves significantly increased
Oreochromis mossambicus’ lysozyme activity of the humoral responses and nonspecific
immunological response (Ponnusankar et al., 2011).
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5.2.23 PHYLLANTHUS EMBLICA L. (FAMILY: EUPHORBIACEAE)
Phyllanthus emblica, recognized as “Amla,” is a tree (small to medium-sized) that may be
found in all of India’s deciduous woods. Indian medicine makes extensive use of amla fruits.
It can treat diarrhea, dysentery, and is used as an acrid, diuretic, refrigerant, and laxative
(Sairam et al., 2002). It is a common component of “Triphala” and “Chyawanprash.” The
anti-inflammatory potential of E. officinalis extract is widely known, and the hypothesized
anti-inflammatory mechanism is ascribed to the ability to lessen the intensity of synovial
hyperplasia on a histological level and the lymphocyte proliferation (Ganju et al., 2003).
5.2.24 EVOLVULUS ALSINOIDES (L.) (FAMILY: CONVOLVULACEAE)
It is regarded as the significant and well-liked herb in the Ayurveda for enhancing cognition, higher mental functions, and memory. Investigations pertaining to study of the
immunomodulatory potential of Evolvulus alsinoides extract revealed a striking decrease
in inflammation and edema. Significant nitric oxide synthase induction was also brought
about by the extract. In the early stages of the illness, immunosuppression took place at
the cellular level. In the extract-treated mice, there was a slight synovial hyperplasia and a
sparse infiltration of mononuclear cells (Gabhe et al., 2006).
5.2.25 FICUS BENGHALENSIS L. (FAMILY: MORACEAE)
In India, ayurvedic practitioners have employed Ficus benghalensis to strengthen the
immune system and combat various ailments. A study was conducted by Pandit et al.
(2011) to study the immunomodulatory properties of different F. benghalensis extracts.
At dosages of 100 and 200 mg/kg, methanolic extract exhibited an increase (dose-related)
in the hypersensitive reaction to the sheep RBC’s antigen, and consecutive methanolic
and aqueous extracts showed a substantial rise in the percent phagocytic reactions. The
antibody titer value was likewise dramatically raised by the methanol extract in a dosedependent manner (Hong et al., 2009).
5.2.26 GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA L. (FAMILY: LEGUMINOSAE)
Root extracts of Glycyrrhiza glabra are demarcated as a medication for a number of
illnesses, including anti-inflammatory and antiallergy conditions (Zhou
et al., 2004).
This study involved assessing if the crude polysaccharides fraction from both shoot and
hairy root could induce the in-vitro production of NO by murine peritoneal macrophages.
Additionally, mice’s immunological and antioxidant enzyme activities were boosted by G.
glabra polysaccharide in a dose-dependent manner. The main components of G. glabra
that show immunomodulatory effects are glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhetinic acid. The classical
complement route is highly inhibited by glycyrrhetinic acid (IC
alternative complement pathway remained unaffected (IC
> 2500 M) (Geetha et al., 2005).
50
= 35 M), however, the
50
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5.2.27 HYPERICUM PERFORATUM L. (FAMILY: HYPERICACEAE)
Hypericum perforatum, identified as St. John’s wort, is a traditional medicine that dates
back thousands of years. It has been employed for treating diverse ailments including
bruising, jaundice, dysentery , diarrhea, and depression. Additionally, it has been noted that
H. perforatum extract has immunomodulatory effects on tryptophan breakdown induced
by cytokine in human PBMCs with the formation of neopterin an immunological activation
marker. W ith regard to both humoral and cellular immune response, a lipophilic fraction of
H. perforatum exhibited immunosuppressive effects. Human intestinal epithelial cells and
primary hepatocytes can express IL-8 when exposed to hyperforin, the active ingredient
of H. perforatum. An additional important inflammatory mediator called intercellular
adhesion molecule-1 can be expressed as a result of hyperforin. IL-8 mRNA was produced
by hyperforin through a transcriptional activation mechanism unrelated to xenobiotic
receptors (Abd-Alla et al., 2009).
5.2.28 HIPPOPHAE RHAMNOIDES L. (FAMILY: ELAEAGNACEAE)
There are numerous reports on the immune-modulatory effect of Hippophae rhamnoides
(sea buckthorn) utilizing various immunomodulation models. The ethanolic extracts of
fruits and leaves at 500 g/ml concentration prevented free radical formation induced by
chromium (Cr), DNA fragmentation, and apoptosis while bringing cells’ antioxidant
position again at par to control cells. Leaf extract of H. rhamnoides has been shown to have
immunomodulatory properties through cellular and humoral immunological responses.
Cr-induced immunosuppression was dramatically reduced when leaf extract at 100 mg/
kg concentration was administered. The leaf extract kept the cell size constant with that of
control cells while dramatically inhibiting the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS)
caused by Cr. The mitochondrial transmembrane potential of bigger cells in particular was
greatly decreased by the Cr treatment, whereas the leaf extract significantly restored the
same. Even in the absence of concanavalin A, the leaf extract at 100 g/ml concentration
increased IFN-γ and IL-2 production while inhibiting the ability of Cr to decrease these
levels. However, it had no effect on the production of IL-4. In PBMCs, TNF-γ and IL-6
production has been shown to be stimulated by the ethanolic extract of the fruit of H.
rhamnoides and its flavones fraction. With the flavones fraction of the fruit extract from
H. rhamnoides, the expression of p-p38, p-NF-ĸB, and NF-ĸB were found to be elevated,
whereas CD2548 expression was noticeably repressed (Garcia et al., 2003).
5.2.29 HYDRASTIS CANADENSIS L. (FAMILY: RANUNCULACEAE)
Native to North America, Hydrastis canadensis (Goldenseal) is frequently used in conjunction
with Echinacea to cure colds and the flu. There are many publications stating its immunomodulatory activity. When rats were injected with the unique antigen keyhole limpet hemocyanin, the extract of roots demonstrated in-vivo immunomodulatory antigen-specific activity .
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The strong immunomodulator found in H. canadensis is considered to be the berberine alka-
loid. At a daily dose of 10 mg/kg, berberine prevented experimental autoimmune tubulointerstitial nephritis in BALB/c mice. In comparison to mice with tubulointerstitial nephritis,
it results in a reduction in the count of CD4 (+), CD8 (+), CD3 (+), and sIg lymphocytes.
The lymphocytes from treated animals’ kidney infiltrates also exhibited the same tendency.
LPS-exposed mice were administered with berberine at 50 mg/kg daily for five days. This
drastically reduced mortality and mitigated tissue damage in the small intestine and lungs. In
mice exposed to LPS, berberine likewise dramatically decreased plasma IFN-γ, NO levels,
and TNF-α, though plasma IL-12 levels did not exhibit reduced levels.
5.2.30 JATROPHA CURCAS L. (FAMILY: EUPHORBIACEAE)
According to Ferreira
et al. (2003), methanol extract (80%) of Jatropha cur cas plant displays
immunomodulatory properties. Increases in the antibody titers, lymphocyte, and macrophage cell numbers indicated that the extract stimulated both humoral and cell-mediated
sero-responses. Five components were identified using bioactivity-guided activation of
the extract, including di-C-glucoside, apigenin 7-O-d-neohesperidoside, 6,6″-di-C-d-
glucopyranoside-methylene-(8,8″)-biapigenin (16), apigenin 7-O-d-galactoside, vitexin,
and orientin. These substances, at a dose of 0.25 mg/kg, demonstrated a similar mechanism
of immunostimulatory action as that of extract (de Souza Reis et al., 2008).
5.2.31 MANGIFERA INDICA L. (FAMILY: ANACARDIACEAE)
Since many years ago, Mangifera indica has been used to treat a variety of illnesses, such as
anemia, rheumatism, hypotension, gingivitis, lupus, diabetes, dysentery, infertility, asthma,
prostatitis, diarrhea, prostatic hyperplasia, gastrointestinal problems, and so on. The immunomodulatory effects of an alcoholic extract of the stem bark of M. indica on both humoral and
cell-mediated immunity were investigated. DTH and humoral antibody titers both increased in
mice after extract administration demonstrating the immunostimulatory properties of M. indica.
One of the most potent compounds, mangiferin, is found in practically all plant components,
including the leaves, fruits, roots, and other parts and it is also said to have immunomodulatory
properties that cause it to produce more IgG1 and IgG2b (de Souza Reis et al., 2008).
5.2.32 MOLLUGO VERTICILLATA L. (FAMILY: MOLLUGINACEAE)
The weed plant Mollugo verticillata is widespread in warm and/or damp areas of the
American continent. When mice’s peritoneal cells were stimulated by BCG, ethanolic
extract of M. verticillata exhibited immunostimulatory activity. However, the extract
combined with BCG treatment in mouse peritoneal cells resulted in a marked decrease in
NO generation. When peritoneal cells were exposed to BCG antigen and Mycobacterium
tuberculosis, the M. verticillata extract boosted the NO liberated by these cells, nonetheless,
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it also reduced their immunological response. According to further investigations,
quercetin and triterpenoid glycosides were identified as the active ingredients in the
extract responsible for showing an immunostimulatory effect (Pongnikorn et al., 2003).
5.2.33 MATRICARIA CHAMOMILLA L. (FAMILY: ASTERACEAE)
Heteropolysaccharides of Matricaria chamomilla have been shown to exhibit immunomodulatory action. Uteshev
et al. (1999) examined the immunostimulating action of M.
chamomilla heteropolysaccharides under air and chilled immersion. The immunological
response was discovered to be normalized by the polysaccharides upon air cooling; boosted
but not normalized following immersion cooling. Commencing with the immunomodulatory attributes of dense erythrocytes, the activation of immunomodulatory cells in the
peripheral bloodstream, along with heightened responsiveness of effector cells to helper
signals, is believed to underlie the immunomodulatory influence of heteropolysaccharides
during cooling. de Souza Reis et al. (2008) investigated the impact of M. chamomilla and
vaccination incidence on immunization of cattle against rabies. Antibody titers were protec tive in cattle that had received two vaccinations, while 93.3% of calves who had received
one vaccination only had titers below 0.5 UI/ml following 60 days. There was no effect of
treatment with M. chamomillaon cattle immunization against rabies. The humoral immune
response in cattle was unaffected by M. chamomilla, and two vaccination doses are advised
to provide protective antibody titers (Devi et al., 2003).
5.2.34 MOMORDICA CHARANTIA L. (FAMILY: CUCURBITACEAE)
Momordica charantia, also known as bitter melon, is widely employed in traditional
medicines against various conditions, including diabetes, anthelmintics, contraception,
dysmenorrhea, eczema, malaria, antigout, piles, pneumonia, psoriasis, cancer, and immunomodulation. Immune-stimulatory activities of the seed, pulp, and peel of M. charantia
were evaluated by testing several parameters like IFN-, IL-4, and so on. From the seeds
of M. charantia, two abortifacient proteins, and momorcharin were isolated. The noncytotoxic amount of these proteins considerably and dose-dependently repressed the mitogenic
reactions of splenocytes (mouse) to LPS, PHA, and concanavalin A. Additionally, the presence of these proteins significantly inhibited alloantigen-generated lymphoproliferation
and the creation of primary cytotoxic lymphocyte reaction in vitro. Momorcharin also has
the ability to lessen the production of humoral antibodies (HA) to macrophage functional
capacity, sheep RBCs, and DTH reaction (Mukherjee et al., 2009).
5.2.35 MORINDA CITRIFOLIA L. (FAMILY: RUBIACEAE)
Morinda citrifolia, also known as noni has been widely used in folk medicine by Polynesians
for more than 2000 years and said to offer a wide array of medicinal properties, including
99
hypotensive, antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer, antifungal, analgesic, anti-inflammatory,
anthelmintic, and immunological boosting effect. TNF-α production was suppressed by the
alcoholic extract of M. citrifolia fruits. It was discovered that the alcoholic extract of M.
citrifolia had a polysaccharide-rich material that prevented the growth of tumors by stimu-
lating the body’s defense mechanisms. The extract was able to stimulate the production of
mediators such as TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-1β, IL-12, and NO from murine effector cells.
5.2.36 NIGELLA SATIVA L. (FAMILY: RANUNCULACEAE)
For thousands of years, people have used the seeds and seed oil of Nigella sativa in
traditional medicine around the world to cure and prevent a wide range of illnesses and
disorders including dyslipidemia, diarrhea, and asthma. Immunomodulation may be
impacted by the seed oil, according to reports. The experimental animals’ splenocyte and
neutrophil numbers were significantly reduced by the oil, but their peripheral lymphocyte
and monocyte counts increased. In addition, thymoquinone, an active principal component
of N. sativa seed oil was reported to have a potential anti-inflammatory outcome on a number
of inflammatory models, comprising colitis, edema, experimental encephalomyelitis,
peritonitis, and arthritis by inhibiting production of the prostaglandins and leukotrienes
that is, mediators of inflammation. Thymoquinone enhanced T-cell- and natural killer
cell-mediated immunological responses demonstrating its favorable immunomodulatory
effects (Mukherjee et al., 2010).
5.2.37 NELUMBO NUCIFERA GAERTN. (FAMILY: NYMPHAECEAE)
A recognized medicinal aquatic plant called Nelumbo nucifera demarcated as the traditional
medicine for centuries among countries such as Korea, China, Japan, and India. Numerous
pharmacological effects of the plant, such as hypoglycaemic, antidiarrheal, antimicrobial,
diuretic, antipyretic, psychopharmacological, anti-inflammatory , anti-ischemic, antioxidant,
hepatoprotective, and so on have been reported. The hydro-ethanolic extract of seed and
rhizome has recently been shown to have immunomodulatory properties by modifying
hematological parameters, enhancing phagocytosis, and potentiating DTH in mice. The
differential and total count of leukocytes increased, and mice DTH response was dosedependently potentiated by the hydro-alcoholic extract of the seed and rhizome. Additionally ,
an in-vitro investigation using both extracts showed that they were able to stabilize the
Wister rat mesenteric mast cells and erythrocyte membrane. The extracts also reduced the
induction of co-stimulatory molecules such as CD40, CD80, and CD86 and the metric oxide
generation caused by LPS (Devi et al., 2003; Al-Farwachi, 2007; Mukherjee et al., 2010).
5.2.38 NERIUM OLEANDER L. (FAMILY: APOCYNACEAE)
In Mosul (Iraq), Nerium oleander is a popular ornamental plant. Several reports of this plant’s
use as a pesticide, rodenticide, and treatment for dyspepsia, fever, leprosy , venereal disorders,
100
and so on have been documented. According to Al-Farwachi (2007), the leaf extract has a
strong immune-stimulatory effect on the rabbits. The inhibitory and stimulatory effects of the
extract on rabbits’ ability to produce hemagglutination antibodies against SRBC were seen.
A dose-dependent suppression of hemagglutination antibodies was found at 25, 50, and 75
mg/kg. Additionally, the extract reduced the percentage of cells that are positive for nitroblue
tetrazolium, phagocytic activity , and DTH reaction (Chiang et al., 2003).
5.2.39 OCIMUM TENUIFLORUM L. (FAMILY: LABIATAE)
The herb “Tulsi,” also known as Ocimum tenuiflorum (syn. O. sanctum), has been widely
utilized in the Ayurvedic medical system for treating a variety of diseases and has been
demonstrated to have potent adaptogenic and antistress qualities. It is said that various
plant parts can treat a variety of ailments. According to reports, O. sanctum seed oil has
potent anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, and antiarthritic properties. It has been
demonstrated that O. sanctum leaf extract enhanced the titer of IgE antibodies and antiSRBC. Both nonstressed and stressed mice exhibited immunomodulatory activity in
response to an alcoholic extract of O. sanctum. It was discovered that O. sanctum seed oil
significantly decreased anti-SRBC antibody titer and considerably inhibited the release of
antigen-induced histamine from mast cells (peritoneal) in nonstressed mice. Additionally,
the oil significantly decreased the thickness of the mice’s foot pads and significantly
inhibited leucocyte migration. Additionally, it has been reported that mice treated with a
hydroalcoholic extract of O. sanctum leaf at a dose of 10 mg/kg/day showed radioprotective
60
efficacy against exposure to 11 Gy of
Co γ-irradiation.
5.2.40 PREMNA TOMENTOSA WILLD. (FAMILY: VERBANACEAE)
It is a frequently utilized traditional medicinal plant. According to research, leaf extract of
Premna tomentosa can boosts the response of the immune system to immunosuppression
caused in splenic lymphocytes by Cr(VI). In lymphocyte cell culture, the leaf extract at a
pretreated concentration of 500 g/ml reduced the cytotoxicity and the amount of ROS that
had been lowered by Cr treatment. Additional treatment of the extract increased the lympho cyte proliferation and antioxidant levels to those of control cells (Lee and Kim, 2008).
5.2.41 PLANTAGO SP. (PLANTAGO MAJOR L. AND PLANTAGO ASIATICA L.) (FAMILY: PLANTAGINACEAE)
Several species of Plantago, particularly Plantago asiatica and Plantago major are reported
to treat a variety of illnesses, including inflammation, infection, cancer, and immune regulation. The proliferation of lymphoma, cancer, and viral infection were all significantly
inhibited by P. asiatica hot water extract. Both P. major and P. asiatica showed dual
immunomodulatory action, promoting the proliferation of lymphocytes and production of
101
IFN-γ at lower doses (50 µg/ml). The above findings showed that extracts (hot water)
of P. asiatica and P. major have a wide range of antiviral, antileukemic, and anticancer
effects, with actions that affect cell-mediated immunity. Additional pure phytochemicals,
including chlorogenic acid, vanillic acid, aucubin, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, baicalein,
and luteolin have been extracted from P. major extract. According to the studies using the
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, all of these compounds have been shown to have
considerable immunomodulatory effects on human PBMC (Harput et al., 2006).
5.2.42 PSORALEA CORYLIFOLIA L. (FAMILY: FABACEAE)
In mice, the seed extract of Psoralea corylifolia reportedly exhibited immune-modulating
properties. Administering extract during the tumor development process increases the
activity of natural killer cells, antibody complement-mediated cytotoxicity, antibodydependent cellular cytotoxicity, and antibody-forming cells. Additionally, Lee and Kim
(2008) reported alteration in the balance of cytokines Th1 and Th2 by reducing eosinophilia, increasing IFN-expression, and decreasing IL-4 expression in the medium used to
cultivate spleen cells (Mukherjee et al., 2014).
5.2.43 PRUNELLA VULGARIS L. (FAMILY: LAMIACEAE)
For hundreds of years, Prunella vulgaris has been used as a remedy for a range of illnesses
in traditional Chinese medicine. IgG1, IgG2b, IgG, TNF-α, NO, histamine, IL-2, IFN-γ,
LTB4, and Src family protein kinase are only a few of the immunological factors that have
been shown to be modulated by phytochemicals from this plant. It has also been noted
that P. laciniata, another Prunella species, exhibits in-vitro immunomodulating action.
Both species’ aqueous extract increased the number of T cells and prevented LPS-activated
macrophages from producing NO (Ross et al., 2001).
5.2.44 PUNICA GRANATUM L. (FAMILY: PUNICACEAE)
This fruit powder has been shown to boost rabbits’ immune responses (cell-mediated).
Typhoid-H antigen-specific antibody titer in rabbits was raised after administration (oral)
of fruit powder (aqueous suspension) at 100 mg/kg, and leucocyte migration was prevented
(Ross et al., 2001).
5.2.45 RHINACANTHUS NASUTUS (L.) KURZ (FAMILY: ACANTHACEAE)
Rhinacanthus nasutus extract has been shown to have immunomodulating properties.
According to Punturee et al. (2005), aqueous and ethanol extracts of R. nasutus significantly boosted in-vitro PBMC proliferation, TNF-α, and IL-2 production. Contrarily, an
in-vivo investigation showed that ethanolic extract dramatically boosted BALB/c mice’s
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secondary antibody response. These findings supported the hypothesis that the R. nasutus
extract had immunomodulatory effects on nonspecific humoral and cellular immunity
(Punturee et al., 2005).
5.2.46 SALVIA OFFICINALIS L. (FAMILY: LAMIACEAE)
Aerial parts of this plant have been said to be particularly rich in complex carbohydrates
such as polymers, pectin, and arabinogalactans linked to glucuronoxylan. The in-vitro
comitogenic thymocyte assay revealed immunomodulatory effects in these drugs’ active
fractions. All of the fractions of pectin, arabinogalactans, and glucuronoxylan-related
polymers stimulated the proliferation of rat thymocytes. With SIcomit/SImit ratios of 3–4,
the pectin and arabinogalactans fractions also demonstrated a substantial comitogenic
impact and may have adjuvant capabilities (Sreelekha et al., 1993).
5.2.47 TAMARINDUS INDICA L. (FAMILY: LEGUMINOSAE)
T amarindus indica, native to Asia, is also extensively cultivated in North and South America.
Fruit pulp extract of T . indica is a classic ingredient in spices, culinary additives, and juices all
over the world. Polyphenols found in T. indica fruits have a variety of possible applications
including immunomodulatory, antiatherosclerotic, and antioxidant. Polysaccharides isolated
from it exhibited immune-stimulatory properties such as phagocytic augmentation, leukocyte
movement inhibition, and inhibition of cell proliferation. As determined by luminol- and
lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence, T . indica hydro-ethanolic fruit extract also inhibited
the production of neutrophil ROS that were induced via zymosan (opsonized), PMA, or
n-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine. The extract demonstrated more potent neutrophil
function suppression than opsonized zymosan. At concentrations greater than 200 µg/10
6
cells, extract reduced activity of neutrophil NADPH oxidase, degranulation, and elastase
activity without harming cells (Librandi et al., 2007). Additionally, the extract of fruit pulp
prevented a rise in complement response brought via a high-cholesterol diet. After 30 min of
pre-incubation, the extract at 0.8 mg/ml augmented the lectin/classical pathways, while the
extract at 1 mg/ml dropped the alternative pathway after 15 min (Bishay et al., 2002).
5.2.48 TINOSPORA CORDIFOLIA (WILLD.) MIERS (FAMILY: MENISPERMACEAE)
The medicinal plant Tinospora cor difolia has immunomodulatory and anticancer properties
that are mediated by activating tumor-associated macrophages. T. cordifolia extract
administered intraperitoneally to tumor-containing mice improved the fundamental function
of macrophages, such as phagocytosis, along with capacity for antigen presentation with
the release of TNF-α, IL-1, and different cytokines. The phagocytic ability of macrophages
was enhanced in vitro by T. cordifolia aqueous extract at a concentration of 5 µg/ml. The
ethanolic and aqueous extracts considerably boosted the production of antibodies against
SRBC in mice to that of control at a dose of 10 mg/kg (in vivo). The methanolic extract