Добавил:
Sekretar
kiopkiopkiop18@yandex.ru
t.me/Prokururor I Вовсе не секретарь, но почту проверяю
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_6035_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
23
Pecere, T.; Gazzola, M. V.; Mucignat, C.; Parolin, C.; Vecchia, F. D.; Cavaggioni, A.; Basso, G.; Diaspro, A.;
Salvato, B.; Carli, M.; Palu, G. Aloe-emodin is a new type of anticancer agent with selective activity against
neuroectodermal tumors. Cancer Res. 2000, 60(11), 2800–2804.
Qaisar, H. M.; Ahmad, T.; Rizwan, M.; Saqib, M. Antimicrobial efficacy of combination of lincomycin and
spiramycin (Lispiracin™) as systemic dry cow therapy for controlling bovine mastitis. Punjab Univ . J. Zool.
2017, 32(2), 197–201.
Ramesh, C.; Anwesh, M.; Vinithkumar, N. V.; Kirubagaran, R.; Dufossé, L. Complete genome analysis of
undecylprodigiosin pigment biosynthesizing marine Streptomyces species displaying potential bioactive
applications. Microorganisms. 2021, 9(11), 2249.
Rodrigues, T .; Reker , D.; Schneider , P.; Schneider, G. Counting on natural products for drug design. Nat. Chem.
2016, 8(6), 531–541.
Romeo, F. V.; Fabroni, S.; Ballistreri, G.; Muccilli, S.; Spina, A.; Rapisarda, P. Characterization and
antimicrobial activity of alkaloid extracts from seeds of different genotypes of Lupinus spp. Sustainability.
2018, 10(3), 788.
Sader, H. S.; Flamm, R. K.; Jones, R. N. Antimicrobial activity of daptomycin tested against Gram-positive
pathogens collected in Europe, Latin America, and selected countries in the Asia-Pacific Region (2011).
Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Disease. 2013, 75(4), 417–422.
Santonicola, S.; García, I. V.; Sendón, R.; Mercogliano, R.; Rodríguez-Bernaldo de Quirós, A. Antimicrobial
films based on chitosan and methylcellulose containing natamycin for active packaging applications.
Coatings. 2017, 7(10), 177.
Savic, I. M.; Jocic, E.; Nikolic, V . D.; Popsavin, M. M.; Rakic, S. J.; Savic-Gajic, I. M. The effect of complexation
with cyclodextrins on the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of ellagic acid. Pharm. Dev. Technol. 2019,
24(4), 410–418.
Schmid, F.; Jessen, H. J.; Burch, P.; Gademann, K. Truncated militarinone fragments identified by total
chemical synthesis induce neurite outgrowth. Med. Chem. Comm. 2013, 4, 35–139.
Seal, B. S.; Drider, D.; Oakley, B. B.; Brüssow, H.; Bikard, D.; Rich, J. O.; Miller, S.; Devillard, E.; Kwan, J.;
Bertin, G.; Reeves, S. Microbial-derived products as potential new antimicrobials. Vet. Res. 2018, 49, 1–2.
Seca, A. M. L.; Pinto, D. C. G. A. Plant secondary metabolites as anticancer agents: Successes in clinical trials
and therapeutic application. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, 263.
Sedeek, A. M.; Ismail, M. M.; Elsayed, T. R.; Ramadan, M. A. Recent methods for discovering novel bioactive
metabolites, specifically antimicrobial agents, from marine-associated micro-organisms. Lett. Appl. Microbiol.
2022, 75(3), 511–525.
Sepahvand, S.; Amiri, S.; Radi, M.; Akhavan, H. R. Antimicrobial activity of thymol and thymol-nanoemulsion
against three food-borne pathogens inoculated in a sausage model. Food Bioproc. Tech. 2021, 14, 1936–1945.
Sharma, D.; Mandal, S. M.; Manhas, R. K. Purification and characterization of a novel lipopeptide from
Streptomyces amritsarensis sp. nov. active against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. AMB Express.
2014, 4(1), 1–9.
Sherry, N.; Howden, B. Emerging Gram-negative resistance to last-line antimicrobial agents fosfomycin,
colistin and ceftazidime-avibactam–epidemiology, laboratory detection and treatment implications. Expert
Rev . Anti-Infect. Ther. 2018, 16(4), 289–306.
Singh, A. K.; Prajapati, K. S.; Kumar, S. Acarbose potentially binds to the type I peptide deformylasecatalytic
site and inhibits bacterial growth: An in silico and in vitr ostudy. Curr . Pharm. Des. 2022, 28
Singh, A.; Tripathi, P.; Yadawa, A. K.; Singh, S. Promising polyphenols in Parkinson’s disease therapeutics.
Neurochem. Res. 2020, 45, 1731–1745.
Slezáková, S.; Ruda-Kucerova, J. Anticancer activity of artemisinin and its derivatives. Anticancer Res. 2017,
37(11), 5995–6003.
Sowndhararajan, K.; Deepa, P.; Kim, M.; Park, S. J.; Kim, S. Baicalein as a potent neuroprotective agent: A
review. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2017, 95, 1021–1032.
Svahn, K. S.; Chryssanthou, E.; Olsen, B.; Bohlin, L.; Göransson, U. Penicillium nalgiovenseLaxa isolated
from Antarctica is a new source of the antifungal metabolite amphotericin B. Fungal Biol. 2015, 2(1), 1–8.
Tang, S. M.; Deng, X. T.; Zhou, J.; Li, Q. P.; Ge, X. X.; Miao, L. Pharmacological basis and new insightsof
quercetin action in respect to its anti-cancer effects. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2020, 121, 109604.
(35), 2890–2900.
24
Tasneen, R.; Mortensen, D. S.; Converse, P. J.; Urbanowski, M. E.; Upton, A.; Fotouhi, N.; Nuermberger, E.;
Hawryluk, N. Dual mTORC1/mTORC2 inhibition as a host-directed therapeutic target in pathologically
distinct mouse models of tuberculosis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2012, 65(7), 10–1128.
Thirumurugan, D.; Cholarajan, A.; Raja, S. S.; V ijayakumar , R. An introductory chapter: Secondary metabolites.
Secondary Metabolites—Sources and Applications. 2018, 3–21.
Thomford, N. E.; Senthebane, D. A.; Rowe, A.; Munro, D.; Seele, P.; Maroyi, A.; Dzobo, K. Natural products for
drug discovery in the 21st century: Innovations for novel drug discovery. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19(6), 1578.
Tietz, J. I.; Mitchell, D. A. Using genomics for natural product structure elucidation. Curr. Top. Med. Chem.
2016, 16(15), 1645–1694.
Tripathi, M.; Reddy , P.; Rawat, D. Noscapine and its analogues as anti-cancer agents. Chem. Biol. Interface. 2014,
4, 1–22.
Visht, S.; Chaturvedi, S. Isolation of natural products. J. Curr. Pharm. Res. 2012, 2(3), 584.
Wahid, M. Camptothecin and its analogs antitumor activity by poisoning topoisomerase I, their structure-
activity relationship and clinical development perspective of analogs. J. Appl. Pharm. 2016, 6, 286–295.
Wang, X.; Wang, R.; Zhang, Z. S.; Zhang, G. Y.; Jin, Z.; Shen, R.; Du, D.; Tang, Y. Z. Semisynthetic
pleuromutilin antimicrobials with therapeutic potential against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
by targeting 50S ribosomal subunit. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2022, 237, 114341.
Weissman, K. J. The structural biology of biosynthetic megaenzymes. Nat. Chem. Biol. 2015, 11(9), 660–670.
Wu, C. F.; Klauck, S. M.; Efferth, T. Anticancer activity of cryptotanshinone on acute lymphoblastic leukemia
cells. Arch. Toxicol. 2016, 90, 2275–2286.
Xing, J. Y.; Song, G. P.; Deng, J. P.; Jiang, L. Z.; Xiong, P . Y ang, B. J.; Liu, S. S. Antitumor effects and mechanism
of novel emodin rhamnoside derivatives against human cancer cells in vitro. PLoS One. 2015, 10, 144781.
Xu, J.; Long, Y.; Ni, L.; Yuan, X.; Yu, N.; Wu, R.; Tao, J.; Zhang, Y. Anticancer effect of berberine based on
experimental animal models of various cancers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cancer. 2019,
19(1), 1–20.
Zhang, Q. W .; Lin, L. G.; Y e, W. C. T echniques for extraction and isolation of natural products: A comprehensive
review. Chin. Med. 2018, 13, 1–26.
Zhou, Y. X.; Zhang, H.; Peng, C. Puerarin: A review of pharmacological effects. Phytother Res. 2014, 28, 961–975.
Zhu, Y.; Warin, R. F.; Soroka, D. N.; Chen, H.; Sang, S. Metabolites of ginger component[6]-shogaol remain
bioactive in cancer cells and have low toxicity in normal cells: Chemical synthesis and biological evaluation.
PLoS One. 2013, 8, 54677.
CHAPTER 2
Traditional Knowledge for Drug Discovery
TAMANNA1, KULDIPIKA SHARMA1, SANJEEV KUMAR
YASH PAL SHARMA3, NITIN SHARMA2, and MEENAKSHI THAKUR
1
2,*
, NEERAJ SANKHYAN2,
4
2
3
4
*Corresponding author
ABSTRACT
Traditional knowledge is referred to as the transfer of information, practices, and beliefs
across generations within a civilization. Rather than being written down, this knowledge
is often passed down orally or demonstrated practically. Traditional knowledge is
beneficial to the humanity as it provides vital insights into biodiversity protection,
ecological management, and tradition preservation. Traditional medicine system
includes various medical practices that existed in different parts of the world before
the emergence of modern medicine. Presently, a considerable portion of the global
population still relies on traditional medicine due to limited access to contemporary
drugs and medical facilities or strong beliefs in the effectiveness of regional healing
remedies, as well as concerns about the side effects of synthetic drugs. Diverse cultures
have used plants for therapeutic purposes for a very long time as traditional medicine.
These plants include a wide range of bioactive substances such as terpenoids, glycosides,
and alkaloids that aid in the drug discovery. Many widely used drugs for combating
cancer and infectious diseases can be traced back to natural sources. Hence, traditional
knowledge and natural products have been instrumental in shaping modern medicine,
and their integration with contemporary research remains essential for tackling current
and future healthcare challenges.
26
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Traditional knowledge refers to the information, practices, and beliefs that are passed on
from generations to generations within a culture or community. It encompasses a wide
range of acquaintance systems established by indigenous peoples, local communities, and
diverse ethnic groups over centuries of engagement and contact with their surroundings
(Berkes et al., 2000). It is typically conveyed verbally or through practical demonstrations,
rather than by writing down. This kind of knowledge is deeply embedded in a certain
community’s cultural, social, and ecological framework, and mimics their strong
interaction with their surroundings (Iaccarino, 2003). Traditional knowledge is wellconsidered and beneficial not only for the community that holds it, but also for the entire
humanity . It provides insights on biodiversity conservation, ecosystem management, and
cultural tradition preservation (Davidson-Hunt et al., 2012). Folk and traditional medicine
systems describe many medical approaches and practices that have existed since ancient
times around the globe. Prior to the development of the modern medicine system, folk
and traditional medicines were the sole means of information and practices used to treat
a wide range of diseases. The foundation of traditional medicine lies in the knowledge,
expertise, and morals that are employed in health maintenance as well as the prevention,
diagnosis, treatment, or cure of mental and physical diseases. In India, allusions to the
medicinal virtues of specific herbs in the Veda were most likely the first archives of the
use of plants in medicine that subsequently constituted the Ayurveda. Charak Samhita
and Sushruta Samhita are the utmost vital works on Indian medicine (Wangkheirakpam,
2018). Conventional therapies are now being used by a large proportion of the world’s
population (Sujata and Warjeet, 2016). This could be attributed to the unaffordability
and unavailability of modern drugs and therapeutic conveniences, or firm faith in the
region’s remedial medicines, as well as desires to reduce the consumption of chemicalbased medicines owing to their the unpleasant aftereffects. Traditional medicine has a
long history that predates the emergence of human civilization. The modern allopathy
medicine system evolved over time as a result of scientists’ dedicated ef forts in research.
However, its evolution and development have always been and continue to be based on
traditional medicine and therapy . Ancient knowledge has irrefutably laid the groundwork
for contemporary medicine and shall continue to be a valuable basis of future medicine
and remedies (Patwardhan et al., 2004). Most of the anticancer and anti-infectious disease
medications available in the market can be traced back to natural sources. The three
principal types of plant-derived compounds with therapeutic properties are terpenoids,
glycosides, and alkaloids (Lesney, 2004). Natural products are well known to be an
extremely prolific basis of medication, innovation, and advances (Wangkheirakpam,
2018). Initially, the antibiotic discovery was based on naturally existing organisms, with
the isolation of penicillin and streptomycin. Approximately, half of all the antibiotics
currently in use were discovered between 1950 and 1960, during the golden period of
antibiotic discovery (Shah and Bhatt, 2019). Clay tablets from Mesopotamia (2600 BC)
were discovered with the earliest descriptions of natural medicines, which referenced
oils from Commiphora species and Cupressus sempervirens. These are used to this day
for the treatment of choked gullet and tenderness (Cragg and Newman, 2005).
27
Many medicinally essential chemicals are naturally formed from microbes and marine
organisms for example streptomycin is generated from the soil bacteria, Streptomyces spp.;
penicillin from the Penicillium mold. Many current synthetic drugs derived from bioactive
natural substances were discovered while exploring the use of conventional curative ora. Taxol
is an illustration of a medication derived from the Taxus baccata. Many novel alterations have
been made to it in order to create medications for cancer therapy (W angkheirakpam, 2018).
2.2 DATABASES ON INDIAN REMEDIAL FLORA, INDIGENOUS MEDICINES, AND PHYTOCHEMICALS
Until recently, the knowledge of ancient Indian medicine, together with the key curative
plants and their conceptions, was elaborately mentioned in tomes such as Indian
Materia Medica (Nadkarni, 1955) and Ayurvedic Materia Medica (Dash and Kashyap,
1981). However, since this information was not digitized, it could not be exploited for
the detection of new medications (Lagunin et al., 2014). Furthermore, atomic structures
underlying the therapeutic effect of curative herbs used in conventional Indian drugs
are mostly unknown. As a result, digitizing and compiling this knowledge about Indian
remedial flora, ethnopharmacology , and plant-based products into a comprehensive library
will allow workers to use measurable tools to discover new medications. Databases such as
cardiovascular disease herbal database (Gu et al., 2013), KNApSAcK (Afendi et al., 2012),
NutriChem (Jensen et al., 2015), Phytochemica (Pathania et al., 2015a), Serpentina DB
(Pathania et al., 2015b), natural product activity and species source (Zeng et al., 2018),
collective molecular activities of useful plants (Zeng et al., 2019), traditional Chinese
medicine (TCM@Taiwan) (Chang et al., 2011), TCM integrative database (Xue et al.,
2012), and traditional Chinese medicine-Mesh (TCM-Mesh) (Zhang et al., 2017) can
assist in the exploration of plant–disease correlations or make computational screening of
potential therapeutic molecules easier.
There is an utmost importance of traditional knowledge in terms of cultural preservation; sustainable practices related to agriculture, land management, and resource management; biodiversity conservation; health and medicine; climate change adaptation, and so
on as depicted in Figure 2.1.
2.2.1 CULTURAL PRESERVATION
Culture is an umbrella term that encompasses myriad aspects of human civilization
including science, religion, art, ethics, law , and traditions besides a vast database of knowledge and practices that people acquire because of being a part of society (Hasnawati and
Naldiroh, 2023). Humans and culture are indistinguishably allied (Noor and Abd Nazak,
2022). Traditional knowledge is inextricably linked to a society’s cultural identity and
heritage. It mimics their distinct methods of being empathic and interacting with the world
(Maina, 2012). The preservation and promotion of traditional knowledge contribute to
the preservation of cultural diversity and generate a sense of pride and belonging among
communities (Poorna et al., 2014).
28
FIGURE 2.1 Importance of traditional knowledge.
⏎
2.2.2 SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES
The capacity of a community to develop and preserve its public life using natural resources
ensures the endurance and interdependence of people and the environment. Traditional
knowledge frequently encompasses useful insights on long-term practices that have been
developed and distinguished through millennia (Uprety et al., 2012). It encompasses agricultural, land management, and resource management practices that are tailored for local
ecosystems and promote long-term sustainability (Singh et al., 2010). Incorporating old
knowledge into current practices has the potential to make a shift toward more environmentally friendly and resilient ways of life (Magni, 2017).
2.2.3 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION
Conventional cage and rural flexibility are two main native principles used to restore
spoiled forests and protect sensitive environments. The coexistence of indigenous tribes in
diverse habitats equips them with critical abilities in biodiversity conservation (Selemani,
2020). Native and traditional communities are well-versed in local ecosystems, including
plant and animal species, habitats, and interactions. This knowledge is critical for biodiversity conservation efforts because it provides insights into animal behavior, therapeutic
characteristics, and ecosystem functioning (Jasmine et al., 2016).
2.2.4 HEALTH AND MEDICINE
Folk and traditional remedies were the sole therapies used to cure several types of diseases
prior to the establishment of modern medicine. Traditional medicine is still practiced in
29
many parts of the world, with an estimated 80% of the global inhabitants relying on plantbased products (Singh et al., 2020). Traditional knowledge comprises a holistic approach to
health and medicine (Zerabruk and Y ir ga, 2012). Indigenous tribes have amassed extensive
knowledge about medicinal plants, healing practices, and disease prevention. Integrating
traditional healing practices with modern medicine can result in more inclusive healthcare
approaches and alternative therapies for a variety of ailments (Reyes-Garcia, 2010). In
order to develop a new drug, it is necessary to combine hitherto unknown natural resources,
traditional knowledge from folk and ethnomedicine, and the most recent developments in
screening, separation, and synthesis.
2.2.5 CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION
Traditional knowledge can provide valuable insights into how groups in the past have
responded to environmental changes. This knowledge can aid in the development of
climate change mitigation and adaptation measures (Hamanaka et al., 2012). Indigenous
and traditional groups have information about weather patterns, environmental indicators, and sustainable practices that can contribute to resilience initiatives (Williams and
Hardison, 2013). Traditional environmental knowledge (TEK) includes information about
weather and climate phenomena and their consequences. TEK has withstood the test of
time having been passed many generations and is constantly enhanced through transmission. It may also connect the natural environment to social and cosmological processes and
is frequently site-specific (Thomas et al., 2019).
2.2.6 INTERCONNECTEDNESS AND WISDOM
Traditional wisdom emphasizes human’ s interdependence with environment and encourages
a holistic worldview (Kimmerer, 2013). It emphasizes the significance of living in harmony
with nature and comprehends the mutual interaction between humans and the natural world
which can bring a fresh perspective based on ancient wisdom to deal with the modern-day
challenges (Turner et al., 2000).
2.3 HISTORY OF TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE
Prior to the emergence of recent therapeutic methods, traditional/folk medicine was the
only known healing technique for the treatment of various ailments. Natural-source drug
development has an extensive past in the realm of remedial discoveries. Coughs and colds
were treated with myrrh (a gum or resin) and cypress oil (C. sempervirens) according to
early cuneiform writings on clay plates from Mesopotamia (2600 BC). The Egyptian pharmaceutical record (2900 BC), mostly the Ebers Papyrus (1500 BC), contains 700 herbal
remedies used to treat a wide range of diseases.
India has a diverse range of cultures, traditions, religions, languages as well as
medical systems. To some extent, Indian culture has historically relied on traditional
30
medicinal practices. Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani are three codied medical systems
that are still practiced by a sizable portion of the Indian people. One of India’s three
ancient medicinal systems, Ayurveda, is possibly the oldest and has been practiced since
the country’s medical culture was rst formed (Sen and Chakraborty, 2015). The Siddha
medical system is considered the mother of ancient Tamil medicine and is one of India’s
prehistoric medicinal systems. The Siddha medicinal system was founded by Siddhars
around 12,000 years ago.
Maha Rishi Sri Agathiyar (Agastya), the rst Siddhar, is considered to be the founder
of the Siddha School of Medicine (Parasuraman and Perumal, 2020). The Unani medical
system, which originated in Greece and Arabia, was introduced to India through Arabian
and Persian invaders in the 11th century. Besides these medical systems, India’s traditional
treatment structure has been crucial in ensuring the access of rural and urban populations
to health care. Folk medicine in India is believed to utilize 8000 vegetal species and over
25,000 plant-based medications (Sen and Chakraborty, 2017). Traditional knowledge
conservation is critical for cultural preservation, sustainable development, biodiversity
protection, healthcare, climate change adaption, and cultivating a more inclusive and
diversied worldview. It entails recognizing indigenous and traditional cultures’ rights and
knowledge systems, promoting intercultural communication, and integrating traditional
knowledge with modern practices (Kola-Olusanya, 2012). Here are some examples of
traditional knowledge from different parts of the world.
2.3.1 INDIGENOUS HEALING PRACTICES
Traditional healing practices in many indigenous cultures include the use of medicinal
plants, spiritual ceremonies, and holistic approaches to health and well-being. Examples
include Ayurveda in India, TCM, and native American herbal treatments (Sheng-Ji, 2001;
Mahmood et al., 2013).
2.3.2 ABORIGINAL DREAMTIME
Australia’s aboriginal people have a rich oral heritage known as dreamtime or dreaming.
It includes creation stories, spiritual beliefs, and land knowledge passed on through storytelling, music, and art (Ball, 2012).
2.3.3 TRADITIONAL AGRICULTURE
Various civilizations have evolved environment-friendly agricultural practices that are
tailored to their own location (Dutfield, 2010). For example, terraced farming in the Andes
Mountains, rice cultivation in Southeast Asia, and permaculture techniques are used by
indigenous communities around the world (Reyes-Garcia et al., 2014).
31
2.3.4 TRADITIONAL CRAFTS
Many nations have their own crafts and art forms that have been passed down through
generations. Navajo rug weaving, African mask carving, Japanese pottery, and Maori wood
carvings are a few examples (Sunder, 2007; Permatasari et al., 2023).
2.3.5 INDIGENOUS COSMOLOGIES
Indigenous peoples frequently have extensive cosmological ideas and spiritual practices
that are inextricably linked to their natural surroundings. These belief systems shape their
perspective of the universe, human existence, and human–natural world relationships
(Drahos, 2011).
2.3.6 TRADITIONAL MUSIC AND DANCE
Music and dance are important in traditional societies because they serve as a form of
storytelling, celebration, and cultural expression. Flamenco in Spain, belly dance in the
Middle East, and Native American powwows are examples of regional musical styles and
dance traditions (Piercey, 2012).
2.3.7 TRADITIONAL NAVIGATION
Some societies gained an outstanding understanding of celestial navigation, currents, and
natural markers to traverse the oceans and land before the arrival of modern navigation
equipment (Lawless et al., 2003). Polynesians, for example, were expert navigators who
navigated huge areas of the Pacific Ocean using stars, winds, and wave patterns (Dachev
and Panov, 2017).
Traditional knowledge is important in drug development, notably in the discipline
of ethnopharmacology, which studies traditional medicine practices and their medicinal
applications (Duteld, 2010). Traditional knowledge is dened as information and practices passed down through generations within distinct cultures and communities.
2.4 TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN PLANT FORMULATIONS
Traditional medicine comprises a diverse set of practices and systems that have evolved
over time in various cultures around the world. Many of these traditional medicine systems
(Figure 2.2), including Ayurveda, TCM, and Indigenous healing practices, use plant-based
formulations to promote healing and well-being (Abhishek et al., 2023). Some illustrations
of traditional drugs are given in Table 2.1.
32
FIGURE 2.2 Methods involved in the development of a novel drug.
TABLE 2.1
S. No. Traditional Systems of Medicine Origin
1. Ayurveda India
2. Traditional Chinese Medicine China
3. Kampo Japan
4. Unani Greece
5. Sasang Constitutional Medicines Korea
Conventional Medical Structures and Their Origins in Diverse Parts of the World
⏎
⏎
2.4.1 AYURVEDA
Ayurvedic medicine employs a variety of plant-based formulations, such as herbal powders
(churna), herbal pastes (lepa), decoctions (kwatha), and herbal oils (thailam). These mixtures
frequently include many herbs and are tailored to address specific health issues. Triphala, for
example, is an Ayurvedic formulation composed of Amalaki (Emblica officinalis), Bibhitaki
(Terminalia bellirica), and Haritaki (Terminalia chebula) and is used for digestive health
and purification (Balkrishna et al., 2023).
2.4.2 TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE
TCM comprises a variety of herbal formulations, which are frequently made as decoctions
or powders. These compositions are often based on a mix of many herbs and are intended
to restore body balance and harmony. For example, the Xiao Yao San formula, popularly
known as “Free and Easy Wanderer,” containing herbs such as Bupleurum root, Chinese
peony root, and Dong quaiis intended to heal emotional imbalance (Zhao
et al., 2021).