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NATURAL PRODUCTS IN DRUG DISCOVERY
NATURAL PRODUCTS IN DRUG DISCOVERY
Meenakshi Thakur, PhD
Editor
First edition published 2026
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Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication
Title: Natural products in drug discovery : benets, challenges, and opportunities / Meenakshi Thakur, PhD, editor.
Names: Thakur, Meenakshi, editor
Description: First edition. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identiers: Canadiana (print) 20250222981 | Canadiana (ebook) 20250223015 | ISBN 9781998511280 (hardcover) | ISBN 9781998511297
(ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Pharmacognosy. | LCSH: Natural products—Therapeutic use. | LCSH: Bioactive compounds. | LCSH: Drug development. |
LCSH: Traditional medicine.
Classication: LCC RS160 .N38 2026 | DDC 615.3/21—dc23
Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
ISBN: 978-1-998511-28-0 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-998511-29-7 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/9781998511297
CIP data on le with US Library of C ongress
About the Editor
Meenakshi Thakur, PhD
Assistant Professor (Biochemistry), Department of Basic Sciences, College of
Horticulture and Forestry, Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and
Forestry, Neri, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, India
Meenakshi Thakur, PhD, is currently an Assistant Professor (Biochemistry) at the
Department of Basic Sciences, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Dr. Yashwant Singh
Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Neri, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh,
India. Dr. Thakur’s research interests and contributions are on biotic and abiotic stress
management in plants by employing various strategies such as use of elicitors/plant-based
extracts or essential oils. She has published 35 research and review articles and nine book
chapters. She was awarded an INSPIRE Fellowship from the Department of Science &
Technology, India, in 2011 for her doctorate research. She has won prestigious awards
from the Association of Indian Universities, New Delhi, India, in 2013 and an Honorable
Jury Mention Certificate in Young Scientist Category by EET CRS, India, in 2019. She has
received a travel grant from Houghton Trust and British Poultry Science for participation in
20th Congress of the World Veterinary Poultry Association at Edinburgh, Scotland (United
Kingdom). She serves as an Academic Editor for PLoS One and is also a recognized
reviewer for several journals.
Contents
Contributors ......................................................................................................................................ix
Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................. xiii
Preface ............................................................................................................................................xix
1. Natural Products as Drug Candidates ...................................................................................1
Tooba Mahboob, Mogana Sundari Rajagopal, and Saad Tayyab
2. Traditional Knowledge for Drug Discovery ........................................................................25
Tamanna, Kuldipika Sharma, Sanjeev Kumar, Neeraj Sankhyan, Yash Pal Sharma,
Nitin Sharma, and Meenakshi Thakur
3. Herbal Healing: Plant‑Based Natural Products ..................................................................43
Anchal Sharma and Meenakshi Thakur
4. Natural Products with Antimicrobial Properties ................................................................55
María Melissa Gutiérrez Pacheco, Heriberto Torres Moreno, Ricardo Salomon Torres,
Luis Alberto Ortega Ramírez, and Julio César López Romero
5. Natural Products with Immunomodulatory Properties .....................................................85
Rashim Kumari, Shriya Bhatt, Mahesh Gupta, and Rajat Rana
6. Natural Products with Anticancerous Properties .............................................................109
Nidhee Chaudhary, Ogireddy Sri Apoorva, and Mansi Agrawal
7. Natural Products with Antiviral Properties ......................................................................133
Maria Carolina Jasso Miranda
8. Approaches to Develop Drugs from Natural Products .....................................................149
Himani Sharma, Shivani Chauhan, Kavita Rana, and Preeti Sharma
9. StrategiesforIsolationandIdenticationofBioactiveMoleculesfrom
Natural Sources ....................................................................................................................183
Hamid, Deepika Kathuria, Sunakshi Gautam, Shakshi Sharma, and Shweta Suri
10. Role of Omics in Natural Product‑Based Drug Discovery ...............................................215
Bhagyabhumi Shah, Ruchi Yadav, Nilay Solanki, and Bhumika Patel
11. Natural Products from Endophytic Microorganisms .......................................................235
David C. Nwobodo and Peter M. Eze
12. Natural Products with Antidiabetic Properties .................................................................259
Kanchan Singh
13. Marine‑Derived Natural Products with Anticancer Properties .......................................281
Popat Mohite, Ramdas Pandhare, and Deshraj Chumbhale
viii
14. Natural Products as Novel Opportunities for Cathepsin Inhibitors ...............................311
Emerson Finco Marques
15. Phytoestrogens in Drug Discovery: A Focus on Mechanisms of
Action and Safety Assessment .............................................................................................355
Bancha Yingngam
16. Honey Bee Products with Antimicrobial Properties .........................................................411
Jelena Ćirić and Tatjana Baltić
17. Natural Products for the Prevention of Leaky Gut ..........................................................425
Devi Basumatary, Pranamika Sarma, and Jagat C. Borah
18. Role of Natural Products in the Pharmacotherapy of Osteoporosis ...............................457
Raja Chakraverty, Somoshree Sengupta, and Tatini Debnath
19. Gel‑Based Natural Therapeutics: Potential Alternatives to
Traditional Drug Delivery Systems in Aquaculture ..........................................................479
Suparna Deb, Bhavesh Choudhary, Jham Lal, Pradyut Biswas, Soibam Khogen Singh, and
Gusheinzed W aikhom
20. The Promising Role of Natural Products as Neuroprotective Agents .............................499
Ajaykumar Chittipolu, Nunavath Raja Shekhar, and Nimmala Shanthi
21. Natural Products from Microbes ........................................................................................517
Sharon Nagpal, Lenika Kashyap, Sanjula Sharma, Pooja, and Jomika Devi
22. Natural Product Databases: Discovering Nature’s Riches ...............................................555
Gaurav Kumar, Pankaj Barman, Rituraj Konwar, and Ravindra K. Rawal
23. Bioprospecting and Commercialization of Natural Products ..........................................585
Pankaj Barman, Gaurav Kumar, Kallol Roy, Ravindra K. Rawal, and Rituraj Konwar
Index ..............................................................................................................................................629
Contributors
Mansi Agrawal
Centre of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
Ogireddy Sri Apoorva
Centre of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
TatjanaBaltić
Institute of Meat Hygiene and Technology, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
Pankaj Barman
Centre for Preclinical Studies, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam, India;
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
Devi Basumatary
Chemical Biology Laboratory 1, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST), Paschim Boragaon,
Guwahati, Assam, India; Department of Biotechnology, Gauhati University, Gopinath Bordoloi Nagar, Jalukbari,
Guwahati, Assam, India
Shriya Bhatt
Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India; Food and Nutraceutical
Laboratory, Dietetics and Nutrition Technology Division, Council of Scientific of Industrial Research—Institute of
Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
Pradyut Biswas
College of Fisheries, Central Agricultural University (Imphal), Lembucherra, Agartala, Tripura, India
Jagat C. Borah
Chemical Biology Laboratory 1, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST), Paschim Boragaon,
Guwahati, Assam, India;
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati,
Assam, India
Raja Chakraverty
Department of Critical Care Medicine, IPGMER-SSKM, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Nidhee Chaudhary
Centre of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
Shivani Chauhan
Department of Soil Science and Water Management, Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Neri,
Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, India
Ajaykumar Chittipolu
Department of Pharmacy, Vision College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, JNTUH, Hyderabad, India
Bhavesh Choudhary
College of Fisheries, Central Agricultural University (Imphal), Lembucherra, Agartala, Tripura, India
Deshraj Chumbhale
Amrutwahini College of Pharmacy, Sangamner, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India
JelenaĆirić
Institute of Meat Hygiene and Technology, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
Suparna Deb
College of Fisheries, Central Agricultural University (Imphal), Lembucherra, Agartala, Tripura, India
Jomika Devi
Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
x
Tatini Debnath
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, MAKAUT, Haringhata, Nadia, West Bengal, India
Hamid
Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
Peter M. Eze
Department of Microbiology, Renaissance University, Enugu State, Nigeria; Department of Environmental Health Science,
Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Nnewi, Nigeria
Sunakshi Gautam
School of Bioengineering and Food Technology, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
Mahesh Gupta
Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India; Food and Nutraceutical
Laboratory, Dietetics and Nutrition Technology Division, Council of Scientific of Industrial Research—Institute of
Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
Lenika Kashyap
Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
Deepika Kathuria
Department of Food Science and Technology, Graphic Era University, Clement Town, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
Rituraj Konwar
Centre for Preclinical Studies, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam, India
Gaurav Kumar
Natural Product Chemistry Group, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and
Technology, Jorhat, Assam, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh,
India
Sanjeev Kumar
Department of Basic Sciences, Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan,
Himachal Pradesh, India
Rashim Kumari
Dietetics and Nutrition Division, Department of Agriculture, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar, Punjab
Jham Lal
Late Shri Punaram Nishad College of Fisheries, Dau Shri Vasudev Chandrakar Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalaya, Durg,
Chhattisgarh, India
Tooba Mahboob
Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Emerson Finco Marques
Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748–Butantã,
São Paulo, Brazil
Maria Carolina Jasso Miranda
University of the Valley of Mexico (UVM), Hermosillo Campus Blvd. Enrique Mazón López 965, Col. Café Combate,
Hermosillo, SON, Mexico
Popat Mohite
AETs St. John Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Palghar, Maharashtra, India
Heriberto Torres Moreno
Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Sonora, Unidad Regional Norte, Ave.
Universidad e Irigoyen, H. Caborca, Sonora, México
Sharon Nagpal
Department of Microbiology, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara,
Punjab, India
xi
David C. Nwobodo
Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel; Department of Microbiology,
Renaissance University, Enugu State, Nigeria
María Melissa Gutiérrez Pacheco
Universidad Estatal de Sonora, Carretera, San Luis Río Colorado, Sonora, México
Ramdas Pandhare
MESs College of Pharmacy, Sonai Tal-Newasa, District Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India
Bhumika Patel
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
Pooja
Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
Mogana Sundari Rajagopal
Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Luis Alberto Ortega Ramírez
Universidad Estatal de Sonora. Carretera, San Luis Río Colorado, Sonora, México
Rajat Rana
Department of Therapeutics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Kavita Rana
Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, COVAS, CSKHPKV, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
Ravindra K. Rawal
Natural Product Chemistry Group, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and
Technology, Jorhat, Assam, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh,
India
Julio César López Romero
Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Sonora, Unidad Regional Norte, Ave.
Universidad e Irigoyen, H. Caborca, Sonora, México
Kallol Roy
Centre for Preclinical Studies, CSIR-NEIST, Jorhat, Assam, India
Neeraj Sankhyan
Department of Basic Sciences, Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan,
Himachal Pradesh, India
Pranamika Sarma
Chemical Biology Laboratory 1, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST), Paschim Boragaon,
Guwahati, Assam, India; Department of Chemistry, Gauhati University, Gopinath Bordoloi Nagar, Jalukbari, Guwahati,
Assam, India
Somoshree Sengupta
Kolkata Gynecological Oncology Trials and Translational Research Group (KoIGO Trg) Incubation Center, Kolkata,
West Bengal, India
Bhagyabhumi Shah
Department of Pharmacology, Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, CHARUSAT Campus, Changa, Gujarat, India
Nimmala Shanthi
Vikas College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, JNTUH, Hyderabad, India
Nitin Sharma
Department of Basic Sciences, Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan,
Himachal Pradesh, India
Himani Sharma
Department of Biotechnology, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry,
Neri, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, India