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Файл:Иностранный язык в профессиональной деятельности (английский язык)
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ADDITION
in addition
moreover
furthermore
apart from that/which
also
secondly (etc.)
in the second place (etc.)
what is more
Note:
Besides has more or less the same meaning as the items in the list above,
but it’s more powerful and is therefore better used in more persuasive contexts.
Study the examples of how these connectors could be used:
a) This also reflects on the redefinition of the audience/publics-journalist
relationships, which features particularly in the online journalism characteristics
of interactivity and customization.
b) Apart from new societies, less dependent of geographical distance or – better
– nearness, a new type of citizen emerges, less involved in old-fashioned collective
‘emancipatory politics’ but engaged in individual ‘life politics’.
Task 3.28 Match the beginning of the sentence (1-4) to the end (A-D),
paying special attention to sentence connectors and punctuation:
1 While there is widespread fear about
the damaging consequences of these
trends for the quality of journalism and
the professional survival of journalists,
2 The willingness to pay for
information has declined, and
advertising is following readers,
viewers, and users to the Internet.
3 Since people can now choose to
get the information they want from
multiple sources, many of which are
free,
4 So, there is, indeed, a crisis of the
media industry,
A they opt less automatically and less
frequently for newspapers and network
television, and more often for online
news, satellite, cable, radio, and their
smartphones.
B we believe that current developments
may, in fact, be paving the path
toward better journalism and more
independent journalists
C but not necessarily a crisis of
journalism.
D Moreover, the once-broad audience
formerly enjoyed by mainstream media
is more fragmented, requiring media
companies to customize their content
or programming for niche audiences.
Task 3.29 Insert the missing sentence connectors in the following extracts:
Because of (3) whereas as a result moreover but (2) consequently
therefore due to
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(1) Journalism might become, __________ the increased opportunities
for targeting and feedback, more ‘market-driven’, _________ the blurring
of editorial and commercial contents and of formulas and formats represent
similar risks for public communication. ________ the multimediality of online
content and the windowing of content might result in a weakened ‘grip’ of the
journalistic professional practice and culture on mediated content.
(2) _______ the converging nature of the new technology, the borders
between new and old media become blurred and _______ increase competition
between information providers and stimulate new distribution ways, like
windowing. ___________, journalistic practices gradually break free from
existing media formats and _________ the core competencies of journalism
will become more important than ever. Technology will not become more
important, _______ at the contrary may prove to be less relevant at the end
of the day.
(3) The core competencies of journalists are not changing ________ the
developments in society, just like the core competencies of doctors are not
changing _______ the arrival of new medical technology. _____ when the
tools a surgeon can work with and the sheer amount of information on all the
specific diseases multiply and develop at increasing rates, the requirements of
the job have to develop as well.
Task 3.30 Rewrite the sentences below using the words in brackets. Make
any other changes necessary:
a) Media restrictions led websites of The New York Times, the Guardian
and others to publish a mix of unverified accounts from social media. (Because
of)
Because of media restrictions, ________________________________
_________________.
b) Although the number of Twitter accounts grew quickly, it is still only
used by a select number of people. (despite)
Despite the quick _________________________________________
_________________.
c) Even in this highly interactive and participatory format, most journalists
seek to remain gatekeepers. (Notwithstanding)
Notwithstanding this ______________________________________
_________________.
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Task 3.31 The use of verb forms. Read an extract from the Introduction of
a paper about Twitter. Study the underlined verb forms and identify which of
them are used in the following functions:
1) to refer to the problem
2) to describe the history of the problem
3) to describe the contribution of other researchers
4) to present the ideas of the author
5) to refer to the main ideas presented in the paper
Twitter is one of a range of new social media technologies that allows
for the online and instant dissemination of short fragments of data from a
variety of official and unofficial sources. The micro-blogging service emerged
as a platform to help organize and disseminate information during major
events like the 2008 California wildfires, the 2008 US presidential elections,
the Mumbai attacks and the Iranian election protests of 2009 (Lenhard and
Fox, 2009). Twitter’s emergence as a significant form of communication was
reflected in the request by the US State Department asking Twitter to delay
routine maintenance during the Iranian poll as the service was an important
tool used by Iranians to coordinate protests (Shiels, 2009). Media restrictions
led websites of The New York Times, the Guardian and others to publish a mix
of unverified accounts from social media as ‘amateur videos and eyewitness
accounts became the de facto source for information’ (Stelter, 2009).
The micro-blogging service illustrates what Hayek described years before
the invention of the Internet as ‘the knowledge of particular circumstances
of time and place’ (1945, p. 519). He proposed that ignorance could be
conquered, ‘not by the acquisition of more knowledge, but by the utilization of
knowledge which is and remains widely dispersed among individuals’ (Hayek,
1979, p.15). At that time, he could not have predicted the development of a
system that has created new modes of organizing knowledge that rely on large,
loosely organized groups of people working together electronically. A variety
of terms have been used to describe this: crowd-sourcing, wisdom of crowds,
peer production, wikinomics (Benkler, 2006; Howe, 2008; Surowiecki, 2004;
Tapscott and Williams, 2006). Malone et al. (2009) suggest that the phrase
‘collective intelligence’ is the most useful to describe this phenomenon, which
they broadly define as groups of individuals doing things collectively that
seem intelligent. I suggest that microblogging systems that enable millions of
people to communicate instantly, share and discuss events are an expression
of collective intelligence.
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This paper examines micro-blogging as a new media technology that enables
citizens to ‘obtain immediate access to information held by all or at least most,
and in which each person can instantly add to that knowledge’ (Sunstein,
2006, p. 219). It argues that new para-journalism forms such as micro-blogging
are ‘awareness systems’, providing journalists with more complex ways of
understanding and reporting on the subtleties of public communication.
Task 3.32 Read an extract from the Introduction of a paper about advertising
and public relations. Write the verbs in brackets in the correct tense.
Public Relations and Advertising (1) _________ (be) two of the most
popular and common communications activities undertaken by companies,
organizations, bodies or even countries to convey the messages or tell stories
to achieve the desired objectives or intentions. While public relations (2)
_________ (involve) the creation and maintenance of a positive image which
(3) __________ (aim) at providing constant and consistent communication
with the stakeholders, advertising (4) _________ (have) an ultimate objective
to create sales by informing consumers about the company’s products or
services in the media. Building good relationships with strategic publics will
need public relations practitioners to be strategic communication managers
rather than communication technicians (Grunig, 1992). Advertising, on the
other hand, (5) _______ (be) a non-personal communication of information
usually paid for and usually persuasive in nature about products, services or
ideas by identifying sponsors through various media (Bovee & Arens, 1992).
This study (6) __________ (drive) by continuous debate on public relations
being more effective and superior compared to advertising, especially in
terms of credibility. Questions like what is the impact of public relations in
comparison to advertising, and whether the former has greater impact than the
latter, or if they are the same; (7) __________ (remain) the most debatable
among practitioners of these two fields. The comparative effectiveness of one
over another has long been controversial and despite various studies being
conducted to investigate the effect of public relations versus advertising, there
is no concrete finding to establish. There is a claim, however, indicating that
public relations, media placement, such as editorial coverage (publicity) has a
relative value advantage over advertising mainly because of source credibility
(Michaelson & Stacks, 2007). In light of the Source Credibility Theory, this
exploratory study (8) ________ (aim) to examine the effectiveness of public
relations (in the form of publicity) in comparison to advertising in Malaysia.
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Task 3.33 Study the vocabulary used in the Introduction part of a paper
1 ESTABLISHING SIGNIFICANCE
basic issue основной вопрос
crucial issue важный вопрос
of a pressing issue /relevant aspect актуальный вопрос
central problem центральная проблема
fundamental issue фундаментальная проблема
current problem текущая проблема
common issue общая проблема
major issue основная проблема
challenging area сложная область
interesting field интересная область
essential element существенный элемент
striking feature специфическая особенность
classic feature классическая черта
dramatic increase резкое увеличение
leading / main cause главная причина
vital aspect важный/ первостепенный аспект
rapid rise быстрый рост
growth in popularity рост популярности
significant increase значительное увеличение
considerable number значительное число
increasing number растущее число
commercial interest коммерческий интерес
key technique ключевой метод
popular method популярный метод
powerful tool/method мощный инструмент/метод
useful method полезный метод
a range of ряд, круг, диапазон, ассортимент
a remarkable variety of заметное разнообразие
worthwhile study перспективное исследование
numerous investigations /a large body
of research
possible benefits возможная выгода
advantage преимущество, достоинство, вы-
benefit/ advantage преимущество, польза
beneficial/ useful/ helpful полезный
important / significant/ essential/ vital/ critical/ crucial/ influential
attracted much attention привлекло большое внимание
(has) focused on было сосредоточено на
(has been) extensively studied широко изучалось
многочисленные исследования
года, польза
важный
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play a key role (in) играть ключевую роль (в)
play a major part (in) играть значительную роль (в)
of great concern вызывающий серьезную озабочен-
ность
of growing interest вызывающий растущий интерес
many многие
most большинство
generally/ usually обычно, в общем
during the past two decades в последние 20 лет
for a number of years в течение ряда лет
for many years долгие годы
over the past ten years в последние 10 лет
recent decades последние десятилетия
recent(ly) недавний (недавно)
today сегодня
nowadays в настоящее время
often / frequently часто
traditional(ly) /conventionally традиционный (традиционно)
typical(ly) /common/exemplary обычный (обычно)
well-documented документально подтвержденный
well-known хорошо известный
one of the best-known один из наиболее известных
widely recognized/ generally acknowledged/ accepted
widespread/ widely accepted распространенный
worthwhile/ viable/ feasible целесообразный
общепризнанный
2 VERBS USED IN THE LITERATURE REVIEW TO
PRESENT PREVIOUS AND/OR CURRENT RESEARCH AND
CONTRIBUTIONS
achieve / accomplish достигать
address обращаться к
adopt принимать
analyze анализировать
apply / employ применять
argue утверждать, заявлять, доказывать
assume /suggest предполагать
attempt пытаться
calculate подсчитывать
categorize/ classify/ group классифицировать
carry out /implement/ realize осуществлять
choose / pick out/ select выбирать, отбирать
collect / gather / pick собирать
compare (cf. – confer) сравнивать
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concentrate on / focus on сосредоточиться на, уделять основ-
ное внимание
conclude заключать
conduct / carry out проводить
confirm подтверждать
consider рассматривать
construct / produce/ shape/ create создавать
correlate соотносить
deal with / touch upon затрагивать
debate / discuss обсуждать
define /identify/ determine определять
demonstrate / manifest демонстрировать
describe описывать
design проектировать, конструировать,
разрабатывать, предназначать
detect /reveal обнаруживать
develop разрабатывать
discover / find / reveal открывать, обнаруживать
enhance / increase / augment увеличивать
establish устанавливать
estimate /evaluate/ assess/ appraise/
measure/ rate
examine / explore/ study /investigate исследовать, изучать
explain объяснять
extend выходить за пределы, расширять
formulate формулировать
generate порождать
illustrate иллюстрировать
imply подразумевать
improve улучшать
incorporate / include включать
indicate /point out указывать
interpret интерпретировать
introduce вводить
measure измерять
model моделировать
monitor контролировать
note обращать внимание
observe наблюдать
prefer отдавать предпочтение
obtain получать
overcome преодолевать
perform выполнять
predict предсказывать
оценивать
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present /produce представлять
propose / offer предлагать
prove доказывать
provide обеспечивать
publish публиковать
put forward выдвигать
recognize признавать
recommend рекомендовать
record регистрировать
report сообщать
revise проверять, пересматривать, ис-
правлять
review пересматривать, проверять
show показывать
simulate воспроизводить
solve решать (вопрос, проблему)
state / claim/ ascertain утверждать, заявлять, констатиро-
вать
support поддерживать
test / check/ verify/ approve тестировать, проверять
undertake предпринимать
use /utilize использовать
3 GAP / QUESTION / PROBLEM / CRITICISM
This is often signaled by words such however, although, while, nevertheless,
despite, but.
ambiguous неоднозначный
confused / vague неясный
controversial спорный; дискуссионный; полеми-
ческий
deficient / insufficient/ poor недостаточный
doubtful / questionable сомнительный
expensive / costly дорогостоящий
false /fallacious/ erroneous/ improper ложный
far from perfect несовершенный
ill-defined недостаточно определенный
impractical непрактичный
improbable неправдоподобный
inaccurate / imprecise неточный
inadequate ненадлежащий
incapable (of) неспособный
incompatible (with) несовместимый (с)
incomplete неполный
inconclusive неубедительный
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inconsistent непоследовательный
inconvenient неудобный
incorrect / wrong неправильный
ineffective безрезультатный
inefficient неэффективный
inferior худший
inflexible гибкий
meaningless / nonsense/ pointless бессмыссленный
misleading вводящий в заблуждение
non-existent несуществующий
not addressed оставшийся без внимания
not apparent/ less obvious/ unevident неочевидный
not dealt with не рассматривавшийся, не затро-
нутый
not repeatable неповторимый
not studied неизученный
not sufficiently + adjective недостаточно + прилагательное
not well understood плохо понятый
not/no longer useful ставший бесполезным
of little value малоценный
over-simplistic чрезмерно упрощенный
problematic проблематичный, затруднительный
redundant избыточный
restricted / limited ограниченный
time-consuming трудоемкий
unanswered не получивший ответа
uncertain неопределенный
unclear /vague неясный
unfounded необоснованный
unlikely маловероятный
unnecessary ненужный
unproven недоказанный
unrealistic нереальный
unresolved нерешенный
unsatisfactory неудовлетворительный
unsuccessful неудачный
unsupported несостоятельный
(to be) confined to (быть) ограниченным
to demand/require clarification требовать разъяснений
to disagree противоречить
to fail to быть не в состоянии
to fall short of не достигать
to misjudge неверно оценивать
to misunderstand неправильно понимать
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to need to reexamine нуждаться в пересмотре
to neglect пренебрегать
to overlook обойти вниманием
to remain unstudied оставаться неизученным
to suffer (from) страдать (от)
few studies have… существует мало исследований,
которые…
it is necessary to… необходимо…
little evidence is available существует недостаточно доказа-
тельств
little work has been done было проделано недостаточно ра-
боты
more work is needed необходима дальнейшая работа
there is growing concern растет беспокойство
there is an urgent need… существует острая необходимость
this is not the case это не тот случай
unfortunately/ regretfully к сожалению
4 THE PRESENT WORK
to facilitate способствовать
to illustrate иллюстрировать
to improve / enhance улучшать
to manage to суметь
to minimize свести до минимума
to offer /to propose предлагать
to outline намечать
to predict предсказывать
to present представлять
to provide / ensure обеспечивать
to reveal / find обнаруживать
to succeed следовать; удаваться, преуспевать
(this) work (настоящая) работа
begin by / with начинать с
close attention is paid to особенное внимание уделяется
here здесь
overview обзор, общее представление
simple простой
straightforward прямолинейный
successful успешный
valuable ценный
aim/ goal/objective/purpose цель
intention намерение
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