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APPeNdIx 1. BoloGNA deClARATIoN
The European Higher Education Area
Joint declaration of the Ministers responsible for higher education
Convened in Bologna on the 19th of June 1999
The European process, thanks to the extraordinary achievements of the last
few years, has become an increasingly more concrete and relevant reality for the
Union and its citizens. Enlargement perspectives as well as deepening relations
with other European countries, particularly those of the EES, attribute to
that reality even wider dimensions. In the meanwhile we witness a growing
awareness in large sectors of the political and academic world and of the public
opinion of the necessity to bestow more complete and far-fetching contents
to the European construction, in particular building upon and strengthening
its intellectual, cultural, social and technical dimensions.
The Europe of Knowledge is now widely recognized as an unreplaceable
factor for growth and as an indispensable component to consolidate and enrich
the European citizenship, capable of providing the citizens with the necessary
competences for facing the challenges of the new millennium together with the
awareness of shared values and of belonging to a social and cultural common
space.
The Sorbonne declaration of the 25th of May 1998, underpinned by
such considerations, stressed the Universities central role for developing the
European cultural dimensions and singled out the creation of the European
area of higher education as a pivotal means to favour the mobility of the
citizens, their employability and the Continent’s development.
Several European countries have accepted the invitation to engage
themselves in the achievement of the objectives drawn by the declaration,
signing it or expressing their adhesion in principle. The direction taken by
several higher education reforms launched in the meantime in Europe has
proven the Governments’ determination to action.
European Universities, on their side, have accepted the challenge and taken
up a main role in the construction of the European area of higher education,
also in the wake of the fundamental principles laid down in the Magna Charta
Universitatum of 1988. This is of the highest importance, given that the
Universities independence and autonomy ensure the higher education and
151
research systems continuous adaptation to the changing needs, the demands
of society and the advances in scientific knowledge.
The course has been set in the right direction and with meaningful
determination. The process of convergence of the systems of higher education
requires nevertheless constant impulse in order to be fully accomplished. It is
necessary to support it promoting concrete measures to achieve tangible steps
ahead. Yesterday’s Meeting has seen the participation of authoritative experts
and scholars from all our countries and provides us with very useful suggestions
on the initiatives to be taken.
We must look with special attention at the objective to increase the
international competitiveness of the European system of higher education. The
vitality and efficiency of any civilization is measured in fact by the attraction
that its cultural system exerts on other countries. We need to ensure that
the European system of higher education acquires in the world a degree of
attraction equal to our extraordinary cultural and scientific traditions.
While reaffirming our full support to the principles laid down in the
Sorbonne declaration, we engage in concerting our governing action for the
attainment in the short term, and in any case within the first decade of the third
millennium, of the following objectives that we deem of primary relevance in
order to establish the European area of higher education and for the promotion
of the European system of higher education in the world.
Adoption of a system of degrees easily readable and comparable in order
•
to promote the European citizens employability and the international
competitiveness of the European system of higher education
Adoption of a system based on two cycles, the first, of three years at least,
•
spendable on the European labour market and in the higher education
system as an adequate level of qualification
Establishment of a system of credits – developing the European Credit
Transfer System – acquired also in non-higher education contexts, provided
they are recognized by the University system, as a proper means to favour the
most wide and diffused student mobility
Elimination of remaining obstacles to the effective exercise of the rights
•
to free mobility and equal treatment with particular attention to:
- with regard to students, access to all services related to education
- with regard to teachers, researchers and administrative staff, recognition
and valorisation of periods spent in a European contest researching, teaching
and training, without prejudice to their rights to pension and social security
Promotion of criteria and methodologies for quality assessment
•
152
Implementation of the necessary European dimensions of the higher
•
education space, particularly with regards to curricular contents, interinstitutional cooperation, mobility schemes and integrated programmes
of study, training and research.
We hereby commit to attain these objectives – each in the framework of
our institutional competences and in full respect of the diversity of cultures,
languages, national education systems and of University autonomy – for
the consolidation of the European area of higher education. To that purpose
we will pursue the ways of intergovernmental cooperation and those in the
framework of the European Union (where applicable, on the basis of the
subsidiarity principle and availing ourselves of the Strengthened Cooperation
instrument) as well as of the other European institutions with competence on
higher education.
Convinced that the establishment of the European area of higher education
requires constant support, supervision and adaptation to the continuously
evolving needs, we decide to meet again within three years in order to assess
the progress achieved and the new steps to be taken.
Important predecessors of Bologna declaration:
Sorbonne declaration (1998)
Magna Carta Universitatum (1988)
Lisbon Recognition Convention (1997)
153
APPeNdIx 2. PuNCTuATIoN SIGNS
Punctuation mark Знаки препинания Symbol
full stop (Br) / period (Am) точка .
comma запятая ,
apostrophe апостроф ‘
question /interrogation mark
(Am. question point)/ query/
eroteme
exclamation mark (Am. point) восклицательный знак !
ellipsis / marks of omission многоточие …
colon двоеточие :
semicolon точка с запятой ;
hyphen дефис dash тире
underscore/ understrike /
underbar/ low dash/ low line/
underdash/ underline/lower
part of z
quotation marks/ single
quotes/ inverted commas
double quotes / quotation
marks
- „лапки” (в рукописных рус-
guillemets (publishing) кавычки-елочки (русские) « »
brackets скобки [ ] ( )
parentheses (singular
parenthesis)
braces / curly brackets фигурные скобки { }
square brackets / crotchets квадратные скобки [ ]
angle brackets /сhevrons угловые скобки ⟨ ⟩
вопросительный знак ?
‒ – – ―
подчеркивание _
‘марровские’ кавычки
(одиночные для английского
текста)
двойные кавычки для ан-
глийского текста
ских текстах)
круглые скобки (граммат.) ( )
‘ ’
“ ”
„ ”
⟨ ⟩
154
virgule (publishing) / slash /
solidus / stroke /foreslash /
слеш, косая черта,
перечерка
/
forward slash / frontslash /
front slash
back slash обратная косая черта \
solidus (dates, mathematics) дробь
⁄
space пробел ( ) ( )
( )
General typography Основная типографика
ampersand амперсанд &
asterisk звёздочка (астериск) *
at sign коммерческое at @
bullet маркер списка (буллит) •
caret циркумфлекс ^
dagger крестик †, ‡
degree градус °
ditto mark (indicating that the
above is to be repeated)
знак повторения строки
выше
interrobang интерробанг («?!»)
inverted exclamation mark перевёрнутый
″
‽
¡
восклицательный знак
inverted question mark перевёрнутый
¿
вопросительный знак
number sign / pound / hash октоторп (решётка, хеш) #
numero sign знак номера №
obelus знак деления
ordinal indicator порядковый индикатор
÷
º, ª
percent, per mil процент, промилле %, ‰
plus and minus плюс и минус + −
basis point базисный пункт / проми-
‽
риад (одна сотая доля про-
центного пункта)
pilcrow абзац ¶
prime штрих
′, ″, ‴
section sign знак параграфа §
tilde тильда ~
vertical bar / broken bar / pipe вертикальная черта ¦ |
155
Intellectual property Интеллектуальная соб-
ственность
copyright symbol знак охраны авторского
©
права
registered trademark знак охраны смежных прав ®
service mark символ знака обслужива-
℠
ния
sound recording copyright знак охраны смежных прав
℗
для фонограммы
trademark товарный знак ™
156
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