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Файл:Английский язык для юристов. Учебное пособие.pdf
гражданское сопротивление на основе христианской веры. Погиб от рук
Я мечтаю, что однажды эта нация распрямится и будет жить в соо
расистов. 28 августа 1963 года он произнес свою речь «У меня есть мечта»
во время «Марша на Вашингтон за свободу и рабочие места». Мартин
Лютер Кинг обратился к чернокожим гражданам со ступеней Мемориала
Линкольну. Это был важнейший момент американского движения за
гражданские права 1955–1968 годов. Во время выступления Мартина Лютера Кинга на сцене также находилась певица Махалия Джексон, она обратилась к нему: «Расскажи им о мечте, Мартин». Американское сообщество ораторского искусства признало эту речь лучшей речью XX века.
Вот о чем говорил великий борец за права граждан: «И, хотя мы сталкиваемся с трудностями сегодня и будем сталкиваться с ними завтра,
у меня все же есть мечта. Эта мечта глубоко укоренена в американской
мечте.
ветствии с истинным смыслом ее принципа: „Мы считаем самоочевидным, что все люди сотворены равными“. Я мечтаю, что однажды на красных холмах Джорджии сыновья бывших рабов и сыновья бывших рабовладельцев смогут сидеть вместе за братским столом. Я мечтаю о том, что
наступит день и даже штат Миссисипи, изнемогающий от жары несправедливости и гнета, превратится в оазис свободы и справедливости.
Я мечтаю, что придет день, когда мои четыре ребенка будут жить
в стране, где они будут судимы не по цвету их кожи, а в соответствии с их
личностными качествами. Я мечтаю сегодня!»
т-
Task 17. Find the original passage from his speech “I have
a dream” in the Internet.
Task 18. Compare your translation with the original.
Task 19. Discuss the results.
Task 20. Comment on the following situation.
A dog ran into a butcher shop and grabbed a roast off the counter.
Fortunately, the butcher recognized the dog as belonging to a neighbor of his.
The neighbor happened to be a lawyer.
Incensed at the theft, the butcher called up his neighbor and said, “Hey, if
your dog stole a roast from my butcher shop, would you be liable for the cost of
the meat?” The lawyer replied, “Of course, how much was the roast?” “$7.98”.
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A few days later the butcher received a check in the mail for $7.98.
Attached to it was an invoice that read: Legal Consultation Service: $150.
Summary test to Unit 1. Choose the correct answer according the
text “Meaning and definition of Law”
1. Law denotes the process by which ….. is organized, through government
bodies and personnel.
a) group
b) team
c) society
2. Law can be defined by its basis in nature, ….. or ethics, and reason.
a) skills
b) knowledge
c) religion
3. ‘Custom’ is the …… which have commended itself to the natural
conscience as the principle of justice and public utility.
a) skill
b) tradition
c) principle
4. The ‘Custom’ should have obligatory …...
a) rule
b) force
c) skill
5. It is not the whole ….. that is to be binding.
a) judgment
b) citation
c) quote
6. It is the …. of law upon which the decision is founded and it is
authoritative in nature.
a) principle
b) rule
c) habit
7. Such observations are ‘obiter dicta’ and without any binding authority, in
so far as these are not essential to the decision reached.
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a) principles
b) observations
c) ideas
8. ‘Legislation’ means to make rules for human conduct.
a) dreams
b) observations
c) conduct
9. ….. from ‘ratio decidendi’, a judgment may contain observations not
precisely relevant to the issue before the Court.
a) besides
b) far
c) apart
10. ‘Legislation’ includes every …….. of the will of the legislature, whether
making law or not.
a) poem
b) expression
c) phrase
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UNIT 2. EVOLUTION OF LAW: HISTORICAL ASPECT
Pre-reading tasks
Comment on the following quote:
“Much has been disputed about ‘the ghost of the Roman Empire’ that still
lurks far beyond the shores of the Mediterranean. The heritage of Roman law is
not a ghost but a living reality. It is present in the court as well as in the marketplace. It lives on not only in the institutions but even in the language of all
civilized nations.” Justinian, “The Digest of Roman Law: Theft, Rapine,
Damage and Insult”
Answer the questions:
– What do you think about the Emperor Justinian’s quote?
– Do you agree with him?
– Does the Roman Law exist now?
Task 1. Read, translate and render the text.
Roman Law
by
Rafael Domingo
Spruill Family Research Professor of law.
Emory University ICS Professor of Law.
University of Navarra
Roman law was the legal system of ancient Rome from its foundation in 753
BCE, according to tradition, to the death of Emperor Justinian the Great (483–
565 CE), almost one hundred years after the fall of the Western Roman Empire
(476 CE). In the thousand years between the Law of the Twelve Tables (451–450
BCE) and Justinian’s massive Codification (around 530 CE), the Romans
developed the most sophisticated and comprehensive secular legal system of
antiquity. Roman law is still at the heart of the civil law tradition of the European
continent and some of its former colonies in the Americas, Asia, and Africa, and
it was instrumental in the development of international law, the church’s canon
law, and the common law tradition. Roman lawyers created new legal concepts,
ideas, rules, and mechanisms that most Western legal systems still apply.
The development of Roman law was gradual and always in line with the
different stages of Roman constitutional history. Roman law started as a set of
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rules and rituals of a central Italian city-state with a citizen body of around
twenty thousand people, and it became over time the legal system of a great
empire with an estimated population of sixty-five to eighty million at its
greatest extent in the reign of Trajan (117 CE). Gradually, Roman law began
losing its local character, becoming the common law of more than a fourth of
the world’s population.
Roman law represents a unique achievement in legal history. One of the
most original contributions of Roman civilization to humankind, it was
a characteristic product of Roman genius and probably Rome’s greatest
intellectual legacy. The success of Roman law derives, in part, from its
universal character; the high quality and creativity of its legal science; the
power of ancient Rome; and the centuries of adaptation and refinement of
Roman law by the Catholic Church (the legal technique and structure of canon
law are basically distilled from Roman law). The success of Roman law also lay
in its ability to live in harmony with the rules and institutions of other legal
systems and cultures.
Roman law reached an unprecedented balance between justice and
fairness, natural and civil justice, private and public interest, moral authority
and coercive power, judicial flexibility and legal certainty, grammar and
intention, tradition and innovation, simplicity and scholarship, and abstraction
and casuistry. Roman law constitutes a perennial model for the appropriate
development of legal systems for all times, as well as a foundational pillar of
emerging global law. Roman law offers a good example of how a legal system
can be developed and modernized, based on equitable ideas and principles. For
these reasons, among others, Roman law still commands the respect and
admiration of independent legal thinkers and practitioners of different legal
traditions as a unique tradition of legal thought.
(https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318389613)
Task 2. Answer the questions.
1. What does the Roman Law represent?
2. When did the Roman Law appear?
3. What made a success of the Roman Law?
4. What kind of balance exists in the Roman Law?
5. Why does the Roman Law still command the legal thinkers?
Task 3. Vocabulary tasks:
a) Find the key words and expressions in the text, underline them.
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b) Circle any words you do not understand.
Roman law was the ___ ___ of ancient Rome from
and ___of Roman law by the Catholic Church (the legal
legal system
c) Pool unknown words and use dictionaries to find their meanings.
Task 4. Make up a glossary of the terms used in the text.
Task 5. Fill in the missing words.
its ___ in 753 BCE, according to ___, to the death of
Emperor Justinian the Great (483–565 CE), almost one
hundred years after the ___ of the Western Roman
Empire (476 CE). In the thousand years between the
Law of the Twelve Tables (451–450 BCE) and
Justinian’s massive Codification (around 530 CE), the
Romans developed the most ___ and comprehensive
___ ___ ___ of antiquity. Roman law is still at the heart
of the ___ ___ ___ of the European continent and some
of its former colonies in the Americas, Asia, and Africa,
and it was ___ in the development of ___ ___, the
church’s ___ ___, and the ___ ___ tradition. Roman
lawyers created new legal concepts, ideas, rules, and
mechanisms that most Western legal systems still apply.
The development of Roman law was gradual and
always in line with the different stages of Roman ___
history. Roman law started as a ___ _ ___ and ___ of a
central Italian city-state with a citizen body of around
twenty thousand people, and it became over time the
legal system of a great ___ with an estimated population
of sixty-five to eighty million at its greatest extent in the
___ of Trajan (117 CE). Gradually, Roman law began
losing its ___ character, becoming the common law of
more than a fourth of the world’s ___. Roman law
represents a ___ achievement in legal history. One of
the most original ___ of Roman civilization to ___, it
was a characteristic product of Roman genius and
probably Rome’s greatest intellectual ___. The success
of Roman law ___, in part, from its universal character;
the high quality and creativity of its ___ science; the
power of ancient Rome; and the centuries of adaptation
foundation
tradition
fall
sophisticated
secular legal
system
civil law tradition
instrumental
international
law
canon law
common law
constitutional
set of rules
rituals
empire
reign
local
population
unique
contributions
humankind
legacy
derives
legal
refinement
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___ and structure of canon law are basically ___ from
Roman law). The success of Roman law also lay in its
technique
distilled
a
Roman law is still at the heart of the civil law tradition of the
e of its former colonies in the
the common law tradition
T / F
b
The development of Roman law wasn’t gradual and wasn’t in
line with the different stages of Roman constitutional history
T / F
c
Roman law didn’t have an ability to live in harmony with the
rules and institutions of other legal systems and cultures
T / F
d
Roman law reached an unprecedented balance between justice
and fairness, natural and civil justice, private and public interest
T / F
e
Roman law constitutes a perennial model for the appropriate
a foundational pillar of emerging global law
T / F
f
Roman law isn’t a good example of how a legal system can be
equitable ideas and
principles
T / F
ability to live in ___ with the rules and institutions of
other legal systems and cultures.
Roman law reached an ___ balance between justice
and ___, natural and ___ justice, private and public
interest, moral ___ and ___ power, judicial flexibility
and legal certainty, grammar and intention, tradition
and innovation, simplicity and scholarship, and
abstraction and ___. Roman law constitutes a ___ ___
for the appropriate development of legal systems for all
times, as well as a foundational ____ of emerging
global law. Roman law offers a good example of how a
legal system can be developed and modernized, based
on ___ ___ and principles. For these reasons, among
others, Roman law still commands the respect and ___
of independent legal thinkers and ___ of different legal
traditions as a unique tradition of legal thought.
harmony
unprecedented
fairness
civil
authority
coercive
casuistry
perennial
model
pillar
equitable ideas
admiration
practitioners
Task 6. True / False: Guess if a-h below are true (T) or false (F).
European continent and som
Americas, Asia, and Africa, and it was instrumental in the
development of international law, the church’s canon law, and
development of legal systems for all times, as well as
developed and modernized, based on
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g
Roman law still commands the respect and admiration of
independent legal thinkers and practitioners of different legal
traditions as a unique tradition of legal thought
T / F
Task 7. Find the Russian equivalents to the following words and
expressions.
Legal system, ancient Rome, sophisticated and comprehensive secular
legal system, antiquity, civil law tradition, international law, canon law,
constitutional history, set of rules, rituals, citizen body, local character,
population, unique achievement, legal history, original contributions,
humankind, characteristic product, intellectual legacy, universal character, the
high quality, creativity, centuries of adaptation, refinement, unprecedented
balance, justice, fairness, natural justice, civil justice, private interest, public
interest, moral authority, coercive power, judicial flexibility, legal certainty,
simplicity, abstraction, casuistry, perennial model, appropriate development,
a foundational pillar, emerging global law, equitable ideas, respect and
admiration, legal thinkers, legal practitioners, unique tradition, legal thought.
Task 8. Find in the table the words and expressions which mean:
1. A group of people with official responsibility for a particular area of
activity.
2. A very important member or part of a group, organization, system, etc.
3. Lasting for a very long time, or happening repeatedly or all the time.
4. Intelligent or made in a complicated way and therefore able to do
complicated tasks.
5. The use of clever arguments to trick people.
casuistry, authority, pillar, perennial, sophisticated
Task 9. Complete the sentences from the active vocabulary from
the text.
1. Roman law was the legal system of ancient Rome ……………… .
2. Roman law is still at the heart of the civil law tradition of the …… .
3. The success of Roman law derives, in part, …………………….…. .
4. Roman law reached an unprecedented balance between…………… .
5. For these reasons, among others, Roman law ……………………. .
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Task 10. Summary: Write down a Summary of the text “Roman
Law”.
Task 11. Speech: Prepare a speech on the topic “Roman Law”.
Task 12. Read, translate and render the text “Anglo-Saxon Law”.
Anglo-Saxon law
Anglo-Saxon law is the body of legal principles that prevailed in England
from the 6th century until the Norman Conquest (1066). In conjunction with
Scandinavian law and the so-called barbarian laws (leges barbarorum) of
continental Europe, it made up the body of law called Germanic law. AngloSaxon law was written in the vernacular and was relatively free of the Roman
influence found in continental laws that were written in Latin. Roman influence
on Anglo-Saxon law was indirect and exerted primarily through the church.
There was a definite Scandinavian influence upon Anglo-Saxon law as a result
of the Viking invasions of the 8th and 9th centuries. Only with the Norman
Conquest did Roman law, as embodied in Frankish law, make its influence felt
on the laws of England.
Anglo-Saxon law was made up of three components: the laws and
collections promulgated by the king, authoritative statements of custom such as
those found in the Norman-instituted Domesday Book, and private compilations
of legal rules and enactments. The primary emphasis was on criminal law rather
than on private law, although certain material dealt with problems of public
administration, public order, and ecclesiastical matters.
The Anglo-Saxon legal system rested on the fundamental opposition
between folk right and privilege. Folk right is the aggregate of rules, whether
formulated or not, that can be appealed to as an expression of the juridical
consciousness of the people at large or of the communities of which it is
composed. It is tribal in origin and is differentiated on highly localized bases.
The older laws of real property, succession, contracts, and compositions were
mainly regulated by folk right; the law had to be declared and applied by the
people themselves in their communities.
Folk right could, however, be broken or modified by special enactment or
grant, and the foundation of such privileges was royal power, especially once
England became a single kingdom in the 10th century.
Before the 10th century an individual’s actions were considered not as
exertions of his own will but as acts of his kinship group. Personal protection
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and revenge, oaths, marriage, ward ship, and succession were all regulated by
the law of kinship.
The preservation of peace was an important feature of Anglo-Saxon law.
Peace was thought of as the rule of an authority within a specific region.
Because the ultimate authority was the king, there was a gradual evolution of
stringent rules and regulations against violating the king’s peace.
(https://www.britannica.com/topic/Anglo-Saxon-law//)
Task 13. Make a glossary to the text “Anglo-Saxon Law”.
Task 14. Put 10 questions to the text “Anglo-Saxon Law”.
Task 15. Prepare a brief retelling of the text “Anglo-Saxon Law”.
Task 16. Translate the text into English.
Римское право. Современная юриспруденция
и римское право
Упадок Западной Римской империи характеризовался отказом от
применения римского права даже в самом Риме. Однако варварские королевства Западной Европы использовали нормы римского публичного права. Восточная Римская империя (Византия) также широко использовала
римское право. Вновь востребованным оно стало в XII веке, в период бурного развития экономических отношений. Римское право изучалось
в университетах Северной Италии, в школах глоссаторов, Южной Франции, Германии и даже в Молдавии.
Глоссаторы комментировали и толковали нормы римского права
и изменяли их в зависимости от ситуации и обстановки. Не все нормы
Римского права были заимствованы. Институт рабства был полностью отвергнут.
Для преодоления разнородности судопроизводства глоссированные
нормы римского права применялись в западноевропейских судах. С течением времени нормы римского права перешли в сборники, кодексы
и учебники.
Яркий пример – наполеоновский Гражданский кодекс Франции
и Германское гражданское уложение.
В наше время система изложения римского права положена в основу
гражданских кодексов. Римское право стало основой современного понятийного аппарата, а многие институты римского права были заимствованы
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