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Файл:Английский язык для юристов. Учебное пособие.pdf
Государственное казенное образовательное учреждение
высшего образования
«Российская таможенная академия»
А.В. ТКАЧЕНКО, Е.Б. ГАЙКО
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
ДЛЯ ЮРИСТОВ
Учебное пособие
Москва
2020
УДК 811.111
ББК 81
Т48
Допущено
учебно-методическим советом Российской таможенной академии
к использованию в образовательном процессе для обучающихся
по направлению подготовки 40.03.01 «Юриспруденция»
Рецензенты:
С.В. МОЗЕР, заместитель начальника отдела перспективных таможенных технологий
Департамента таможенного законодательства и правоприменительной практики
Евразийской экономической комиссии, канд. юрид. наук;
Е.Ю. ВАРЛАМОВА, доцент кафедры филологии Академии труда и социальных отношений, канд. пед. наук, доцент
Эксперт
О.В. Дышекова, доцент кафедры иностранных языков Ростовского филиала Российской таможенной академии, канд. филол. наук, доцент
Ткаченко А.В.
Т48 Английский язык для юристов: учебное пособие / А.В. Ткаченко, Е.Б. Гайко.
М.: РИО Российской таможенной академии, 2020. 144 с.
ISBN 978-5-9590-1139-0
Учебное пособие составлено в соответствии с рабочей программой дисциплины
«Иностранный язык (английский)» с целью формирования у студентов способности
к активному овладению профессионально-ориентированным английским языком в различных сферах межкультурной коммуникации.
Предназначено для студентов юридического факультета (направление подготовки
40.03.01 «Юриспруденция», уровень бакалавриата).
УДК 811.111
ББК 81
ISBN 978-5-9590-1139-0
© Российская таможенная академия, 2020
ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ
Учебное пособие «Английский язык для юристов» имеет практиче-
скую направленность.
Цель пособия – формирование способности к коммуникации в устной
и письменной формах для решения задач межличностного и межкультурного взаимодействия на иностранном языке, развития навыков общения
на профессионально ориентированные темы. К задачам данного пособия
относятся:
– развитие коммуникативных навыков ведения беседы на англий-
ском языке;
– умение воспринимать англоязычную речь, адекватно переводить
речевые высказывания среднего уровня сложности;
– формирование вопросов по предложенной теме или ситуации,
а также расширение кругозора обучающихся.
Учебное пособие состоит из 8 разделов (тематических модулей)
и грамматической части, включающей грамматический справочник и комплекс упражнений для закрепления основных грамматических явлений.
Грамматические задания носят разнообразный характер.
Грамматический раздел учебного пособия содержит:
– имитационные задания, построенные на одноструктурном и оппо-
зиционном (контрастном) грамматическом материале;
– подстановочные задания, использующиеся для закрепления грам-
матического материала, и трансформационные упражнения, целью которых является формирование навыка комбинирования, замены, сокращения
и расширения заданных грамматических структур в речи.
В процессе изучения материала, представленного в учебном пособии,
обучающиеся овладевают навыками чтения и перевода оригинальных англоязычных текстов, усваивают профессиональную лексику в предусмотренном программой объеме.
Тексты, включенные в учебное пособие, носят информативно-
познавательный характер и охватывают историю возникновения и эволюцию правовых систем России, Великобритании и США, судоустройство,
судопроизводство, содержат сведения о юридических профессиях и профессиональной этике в Российской Федерации и англоязычных странах.
Каждый текст сопровождается заданиями, которые стимулируют интерес
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обучающихся к определенной теме и подготавливают их к углубленному
изучению профессиональной лексики.
Все задания систематизированы и подразделяются:
– на коммуникативные, которые носят репродуктивный и творче-
ский характер;
– репродуктивные, разработанные на основе текста и включающие
вопросы, необходимые для понимания прочитанного;
– творческие, предполагающие беседу, общение и взаимодействие
в рамках темы, предложенной в тексте.
Уровень сложности языкового материала и тематика пособия соот-
ветствуют требованиям, содержащимся в учебной программе дисциплины
«Иностранный язык (английский)» для направления подготовки «Юриспруденция».
4
UNIT 1. THE NEED FOR LAW
Pre-reading tasks
Comment on the following quote:
“Law and order exist for the purpose of establishing justice and when they
fail in this purpose they become the dangerously structured dams that block
the flow of social progress”. Martin Luther King, Jr. (1929–1968) American
black leader.
Answer the questions:
– What do you know about Martin Luther King Jr.?
– What did he say about the purpose of Law and Order?
– How did he die?
Task 1. Read, translate and render the text.
Meaning and definition of Law
Law is a large body of rules and regulations, which are based on general
principles of justice, fair play and convenience. The laws have been worked out
by the governmental bodies to regulate human activities. Law denotes the
process by which society is organized, through government bodies and
personnel. These are Law-makers, Courts, Tribunals, Law Enforcement
Agencies and Executive, Penal and corrective Institutions etc.
The Law is as old as the human society itself. The search for an agreed
definition of Law has been an endless story. There have been conflicting views
of jurists on the nature, concept, basis and functions of Law. Law has been
regarded as a tradition or rule of the old customs, recorded wisdom of the wise
men, discovered principles expressing the nature of things, moral code, a set of
the peoples’ agreements in politically organized society, sovereign’s
commands, a body of rules discovered by human experience, or a body of rules
developed through juristic writings and judicial decisions, or the rules imposed
on the people in society by the ruling class, in terms of economic and social
targets of the individuals.
Law can be defined by its basis in nature, religion or ethics, and reason.
Law can be defined by its sources like customs, precedent and legislation, as
well as – by its effect on the social life of the society, by the method of its
formal expression or application. There is no general definition of Law which
5
illustrates all the Law aspects but for a general understanding, some of the
Law is a ___ ___ of rules and regulations,
views of ___ on the nature, concept, basis and
large body
initial definitions are given:
Aristotle: “It (absolute law) is inherited by the nature of man/woman and
can be discovered through the reason. It is immutable, universal and capable of
growth”.
Plato: “Law consists of a body of rules which are seen to operate as
binding rules in the community by means of which sufficient compliance with
the rules may be secured to enable the set of rules to be seen as binding.”
Task 2. Answer the questions.
1. What is the meaning of the Law?
2. Who worked out the laws?
3. How old is the Law?
4. How Law has been regarded?
5. What are the definitions of Law?
Task 3. Vocabulary tasks:
a) Find the key words and expressions in the text, underline them.
b) Circle any words you do not understand.
c) Pool unknown words and use dictionaries to find their meanings.
Task 4. Make up a glossary of the terms used in the text.
Task 5. Fill in the missing words.
which are based on general principles of ___,
___and convenience. The laws have been
worked out by the ___ ___ to regulate human
activities. Law denotes the process by which
___ is organized, through government bodies
and ___. These are Law-makers, Courts,
Tribunals, Law Enforcement Agencies and
Executive, Penal and corrective Institutions etc.
The ___ is as old as the human society itself.
The search for an agreed ___ of Law has been
an endless story. There have been conflicting
justice
fair play
governmental bodies
society
personnel
Tribunals
Law
definition
jurists
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functions of Law. Law has been regarded as a
___ or rule of the old ___, recorded wisdom of
some of the initial definitions are given:
tradition
a
Law is a large body of rules and regulations, which are based on
general principles of justice, fair play and convenience
T / F
b
Law denotes the process by which society is organized, through
government bodies and personnel
T / F
c
Law is a young phenomenon
T / F
d
Law has been regarded as a thick book describing the tradition or
principles expressing the nature of things
T / F
e
Law can be defined by its basis in nature, religion or ethics, and
reason
T / F
f
There is an only one definition of Law which is accepted by the
people
T / F
g
Plato was the only one philosopher who gave the ideal definition
of Law
T / F
the wise men, discovered principles expressing
the nature of things, ___ ___, a set of the
peoples’ agreements in politically organized
society, ___ ___, a ___ _ ___ discovered by
human experience, or a body of rules developed
through ___ ___ and ___ ___, or the rules
imposed on the people in society by the ruling
class, in terms of economic and social targets of
the individuals.
Law can be defined by its basis in nature, ___
or ethics, and reason. Law can be defined by its
sources like customs, ___ and legislation, as well
as – by its effect on the social life of the society,
by the method of its formal ___ or ___. There is
no general definition of Law which illustrates all
the Law ___ but for a general understanding,
customs
moral code
sovereign’s commands
body of rules
juristic writings judicial
decisions
religion
precedent
expression
application
aspects
Task 6. True / False: Guess if a-h below are true (T) or false (F).
rule of the old tribes, recorded wisdom of the scholars, discovered
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Task 7. Find the Russian equivalents to the following words and
expressions.
Large body of rules, principles of justice, governmental bodies, personnel,
Law-makers, Courts, Tribunals, Law Enforcement Agencies, Executive, Penal
Institutions, definition of Law, conflicting views of jurists on the nature,
concept of Law, basis of Law, functions of Law, rule of the old customs,
recorded wisdom, discovered principles, nature of things, moral code, peoples’
agreements, sovereign’s commands, a body of rules, human experience, juristic
writings, judicial decisions, imposed rules, ruling class, social targets,
individuals, religion, ethics, reason, customs, precedent, legislation, formal
expression, application, initial definitions.
Task 8. Find in the table the words and expressions which mean:
1. A rule, usually made by a government, that is used to regulate the way in
which a society behaves.
2. Fairness in the way people are dealt with.
3. A special court or group of people who are officially chosen,
especially by the government, to examine (legal) problems of
a particular type.
4. A king or queen, or a person having the power to govern a country
5. A belief, principle, or way of acting that people in a particular society or
group have continued to follow for a long time, or all of these beliefs, etc.
in a particular society or group.
law, justice, tribunal, sovereign, tradition
Task 9. Complete the sentences from the active vocabulary from
the text.
1. Law denotes the process ………………………………………………. .
2. These are Law-makers, Courts, Tribunals, …………………………… .
3. Law can be defined by its basis ……………………………………… .
4. Law can be defined by its sources like ………………………………… .
5. There have been conflicting views of jurists on the ……………………. .
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Task 10. Summary: Write down a Summary of the text “Meaning
and definition of Law”.
Task 11. Speech: Prepare a speech on the topic “Meaning and
definition of Law”.
Task 12. Read, translate and render the text “Sources of Law”.
For a clear understanding of the Law concept, it is necessary to understand
its sources. Source means a point from which anything emerges or rises.
‘Source of law’ means the source from where rules of conduct came into
existence and derive legal force of binding character. Sources of law can be
divided as follows:
1. Custom: ‘Custom’ is the oldest and important source of Law. ‘Custom’
is the principle which have commended itself to the natural conscience as the
principle of justice and public utility. ‘Custom’ originates in repetition of the
same act, and denotes rules of habitual conduct within a community.
Essentials of a Custom.
To be a real source of Law, a customary practice must fulfil some important
requirements:
– Antiquity: A ‘Custom’ to be recognized as a law should be in
existence from the long time period.
– Continuance: The second essential feature of a ‘Custom’ is that it
must have been continuously in practice.
– Reasonableness: A ‘Custom’ should be reasonable in its application.
It must not be imprudent or inconvenient.
– Obligatory Character: The ‘Custom’ should have obligatory force.
The general public opinion support is necessary and it should be enjoyed as
a matter of right.
– Certainty: A ‘Custom’ must be certain. A ‘Custom’ which is vague or
indefinite cannot be recognized.
– Consistency: Customary rules should show a consistency in
observance of a practice. If a practice has not been consistently followed it
cannot deserve the status of a ‘Custom’.
– Conformity with Statutory Law and Public Policy: A ‘Custom’
should be in conformity with a Statute Law and public policy.
2. Judicial Precedent. ‘Precedent’ signifies a set pattern upon which
future conduct may be based. It may be an earlier event, decision or action
followed in parallel circumstances later. A ‘Judicial Precedent’ is an
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independent source of Law. ‘Stare Decisis’ is a Latin word which denotes ‘to
stand by past decision or precedents and not to disturb the settled points’.
Precedent or stare decisis denote employment of past judicial decisions as
a guide for making of future ones for lower courts in hierarchy. A ‘Judicial
Precedent’ or ‘stare decisis’ has a binding force for the subsequent cases. It is
not the whole judgment that is to be binding. In other words, every statement
made by the judge in an earlier decision is not binding in future case. Only
those statements in an earlier decision which may be said to constitute the
reason for the decision or ‘ratio decidendi’ of that case are binding as matter of
general principle, in subsequent cases. ‘ratio decidendi’ is the general principle
which is deduced in a case. It is the rule of law upon which the decision is
founded and it is authoritative in nature. Apart from ‘ratio decidendi’,
a judgment may contain observations not precisely relevant to the issue before
the Court. These may be the observations upon the broader aspects of law or
answer to the hypothetical questions raised by judges or counsels in the course
of hearing. Such observations are ‘obiter dicta’ and without any binding
authority, in so far as these are not essential to the decision reached.
3. Legislation. ‘Legislation’ is a deliberate process of legal evolution
which consists in the formulation of norms of human conduct in a set form
through a prescribed procedure by agencies designated by the Constitution.
‘Legislation’ means to make rules for human conduct. The term ‘Legislation’ is
derived from the word ‘legis’ meaning ‘law and latum’ which means to make or
set. Thus, the word ‘legislation’ means making of law. It is a source of Law
which consists in declaration of legal rules by competent authority.
‘Legislation’ includes every expression of the will of the legislature, whether
making law or not.
Task 13. Make a glossary to the text “Sources of Law”.
Task 14. Put 10 questions to the text “Sources of Law”.
Task 15. Prepare a brief retelling of the text “Sources of Law”.
Task 16. Translate the text into English.
У меня есть мечта
Мартин Лютер Кинг (младший) (1929–1968) был американским баптистским проповедником и активистом, который стал лидером движения
за гражданские права чернокожих. Его мечтой было ненасильственное
10