Организационные системы моделирование и управление. Учебник

ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ ɛɭɞɭɳɢɯ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɜ), ɇȾɋ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɺɧɧɵɦ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦ, ɞɟɛɢɬɨɪɫɤɚɹ ɡɚɞɨɥɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɤɪɚɬɤɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɟ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ (ɤɚɫɫɚ, ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɣ ɫɱɟɬ, ɜɚɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɫɱɟɬ, ɰɟɧɧɵɟ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ, ɩɪɨɱɢɟ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞ­ɫɬɜɚ, ɪɚɫɱɟɬɵ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦɢ), ɩɪɨɱɢɟ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɧɵɟ ɚɤ­ɬɢɜɵ, ɧɟɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ.

ɤɭɪɫɚɯ, ɢɡɭɱɚ-

ɸɳɢɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɭ ɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɵ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ.

– ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ:

ɛ) ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ – ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɟɞ­ɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ, ɦɭɧɢɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ;

– ɩɨ ɜɢɞɭ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ:

ɞ) ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɢ;

ɟ) ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ;

– ɩɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ:

ɚ) ɭɡɤɨɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ, ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɚɫɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɫɟɪɢɣɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɱɭɝɭɧ, ɩɪɨɤɚɬ, ɬɟɩɥɨɜɚɹ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ, ɡɟɪɧɨ, ɦɹɫɨ;

ɛ) ɦɧɨɝɨɩɪɨɮɢɥɶɧɵɟ (ɞɢɜɟɪɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ; ɞɢɜɟɪɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ – ɪɚɫɩɪɨ­ɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɫɮɟɪɵ, ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚ­ɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ), ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɚɫɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ (ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ: ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɢ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɢɤɭ, ɛɵɬɨɜɭɸ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɭ

ɉɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɬɪɟɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɞ­ɫɢɫɬɟɦ:

- ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɢɫɯɨɞ­ɧɵɟ ɫɵɪɶɟ, ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɩɨɥɭɮɚɛɪɢɤɚɬɵ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɝɨɬɨɜɭɸ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɸ (ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ, ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ, ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɸɳɢɟ);

- ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶ­ɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɸ ɢɥɢ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɢɡ­ɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ (ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɵ, ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɚ, ɡɚɩɱɚɫɬɢ, ɪɟɦɨɧɬɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɩɪɨɢɡ­ɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ); ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɫɚɦɨ­ɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ;

Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɢɫ­ɫɢɟɣ, ɰɟɥɹɦɢ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ. ȼ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɣ ɢ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ­ɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɥɢɧɟɣɧɭɸ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɨɩɨɞɱɢ­ɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ.

ɝɚɞɵ.

ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɧɟɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɵ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢ­ɬɟɬɚ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ: ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ, ɭɪɨ­ɜɟɧɶ ɩɪɨɪɟɤɬɨɪɚɬɚ (ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ), ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɟɬɚ / ɞɟɩɚɪɬɚ­ɦɟɧɬɚ (ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ), ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ / ɨɬɞɟɥɚ.

ɩɟɧɶ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ;

3. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨ-

5. Ⱦɚɣɬɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.

6. ɉɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɢɬɟ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ.

7. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢ ɧɚɡɨɜɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ.

11. Ⱦɚɣɬɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɭ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹɦ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ.

14. ɇɚɡɨɜɢɬɟ ɢ ɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɣɬɟ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɫɢɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɢ.

17. ɋɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɭɣɬɟ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟ ɟɝɨ

24. Ⱦɚɣɬɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɩɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ-

Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛ­ɪɚɡɨɦ. Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ – ɷɬɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɦɟɪɨ­ɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɸ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɢ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɟ­ɧɢɸ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɟɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚ­ɧɢɹ.

Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɦ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɥɨɜɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɢ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟ­ɧɢɹ, ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ. Ⱦɨ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɥɨɫɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɹɫɧɨ

Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɟ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤ­ɬɭɪɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. Ⱥɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɚ­ɬɢɜɧɟɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɬɟɦ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤ ɧɚ­ɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɢɡɦɨɦ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟɦ ɢɦɢ ɜɨɥɟɜɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɪɚɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ ɮɭɧɤ

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