Организационные системы моделирование и управление. Учебник

ɉɨɠɚɥɭɣ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɚɹ ɨɲɢɛɤɚ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɬɨɩɨɧɢ­ɦɢɤɟ – ɷɬɨ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɟ ɜɬɢɫɧɭɬɶ ɜ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɫɶ ɟɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥ. ɇɚɞɨ, ɱɟɬɤɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɫɟɛɟ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ – ɷɬɨ ɟɝɨ ɭɧɢ­ɤɚɥɶɧɵɣ (ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ) ɫɢɦɜɨɥ, ɟɝɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ, ɱɟɦ ɤɨɪɨɱɟ ɢɦɹ, ɬɟɦ ɥɭɱɲɟ

ɂɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɜɵɜɨɞ: ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɢ ɝɟɧɟ­ɪɚɰɢɹ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɚ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɪɨɥɶ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ, ɡɧɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɟɡɭɩɪɟɱɧɨ ɜɥɚɞɟɸɳɟɝɨ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɨɣ ɢ ɫɬɢɥɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨ­ɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹ, ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ: ɜ ɧɟɮɬɟɩɟ­ɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɢ ɧɟɮɬɟɯɢɦɢɢ – ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜ ɢ ɦɚɫɟɥ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɥɢɷɬɢ­ɥɟɧɚ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɮɟɧɨɥɚ ɢ ɚɰɟɬɨɧɚ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɫɨɞɵ; ɜ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɣ ɩɪɨ­ɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ – ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɦɹɫɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɪɨ­ɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɧɞɢɬɟɪɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɪɨɡɧɢɱɧɚɹ ɢ ɨɩɬɨɜɚɹ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɹ, ɞɨɫɬɚɜɤɚ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹɦ; ɜ ɛɚɧɤɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɟ – ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɜɨ ɜɤɥɚɞɵ, ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ, ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ, ɩɪɢɟɦ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɟɣ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɵ ɞɟ­ɧɟɠɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ, ɚɪɟɧɞɚ ɫɟɣɮɨɜɵɯ ɹɱɟɟɤ; ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɯ – ɭɱɟɛɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ.

ȼɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ (ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ) ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɨɫɧɨɜ- ɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ. ȼ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶ­ɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɫɵɪɶɹ ɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟ­ɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢɥɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪ­ɬɨɦ, ɪɟɦɨɧɬ ɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ. ȼ ɛɚɧɤɚɯ – ɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ, ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ, ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ, ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ, ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɵɧɤɚ, ɞɟɥɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɪɹɞ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ. ȼɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ, ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɤ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɢɡ ɱɟ­ɬɵɪɟɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ.

ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ – ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧ­ɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɞɟɹ­ɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ, ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ, ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ, ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɗɮɮɟɤɬ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɹɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɛɭ­ɞɭɳɟɦ.

Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɢ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɭɫɬɚɜɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶ­ɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ, ɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ, ɭɫɬɚɜɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɥɢ­ɰɚɦ, – ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ.

ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɢɹ. Ⱥ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɤɚɤ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɭɡɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɤɚɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɩɪɨ­ɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.

ȿɳɟ ɨɞɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɸ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶ­ɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɬɟɱ­ɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ ɧɟɱɺɬɤɚɹ. Ɍɚɤ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɺɦɚ ɤɨɦ­ɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɚ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɛɚɧɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 5 ɦɢɧɭɬ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɨɬ­ɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɫɱɟɬɚ ɜ ɛɚɧɤɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 20 ɦɢɧɭɬ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ 2–3 ɞɧɹ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɫɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɜɵɫɲɟɦ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɦ ɡɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɶ 2–3 ɦɟɫɹɰɚ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɛɚɤɚ­ɥɚɜɪɚ ɜ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɟ – 4 ɝɨɞɚ, ɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢɩɨɬɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɛɚɧɤɟ ɨɬ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɚ ɞɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɝɚɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɚ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɫɬɹɧɭɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ 30 ɥɟɬ.

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ:

- ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ – ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɫɨɛɵ­ɬɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɧɢɰɢɢɪɭɸɬ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ (ɡɚɩɭɫɤ) ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ; ɡɚɩɭɫɤ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɸ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ (ɚɫɬɪɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɧɨɣ ɞɚɬɵ), ɩɨ ɢɫɬɟɱɟɧɢɸ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɚ ɜɪɟ­ɦɟɧɢ ɩɨ ɬɚɣɦɟɪɭ, ɩɨ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɭ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɟ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɵ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɩɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩ­ɥɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɵ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹ, ɩɨ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ; ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɦɢ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɭɸ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚɬɶɫɹ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ: <ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ 1> ɂ (<ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ 2> ɂɅɂ <ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ 3>);

- ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ – ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ, ɡɚɜɟɪɲɚɸɳɟɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɤɨɧɱɚ­ɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ; ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɢɫɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɨ ɬɚɣɦɟɪɭ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨ­ɰɟɫɫɚ (ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚ ɨɛ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɢ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ, ɤɜɢɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɨɛ ɨɩɥɚɬɟ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ); ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤ ɡɚ­ɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ (ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚɸɳɟɦɭ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɸ); ɤɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɪɨ­ɰɟɫɫ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɢɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɡ­ɧɚɤɚɦɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɢɬɶɫɹ ɥɢɛɨ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɵɦ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɢɟɦ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɚ, ɥɢɛɨ ɫɭɞɟɛɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶ­ɫɬɜɨɦ;

ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɨɥɢ, ɬɟ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɩɪɨ­ɰɟɫɫɚ; ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɹ:

- ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɵ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ – ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɞɜɭɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɭɱɚɫɬ­ɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɨ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɢ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦɢ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɸ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ; ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɵ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ – ɷɬɨ ɩɪɚ­ɜɢɥɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɦɟɠɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɦɟɠɜɟɞɨɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ); ɢɧɚɱɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ, ɩɪɨɬɨ­ɤɨɥɵ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ – ɷɬɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɯɨɞɨɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɟɞɢ­ɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜɨ ɜɯɨɞɵ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚɦ ɝɨ­ɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ; ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɨɜ: ɜɵ­ɯɨɞ Ⱥ ɧɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ȼ, ɜɵɯɨɞ Ⱥ ɡɚɩɚɡɞɵɜɚɟɬ ɤ ɧɚɱɚɥɭ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ȼ, ɜɵɯɨɞ Ⱥ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɜɨɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɛɫɥɭ­ɠɟɧ ɜ ȼ;

- ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ (ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ, ɪɚɫɩɨɪɹɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ, ɢɧɮɨɪ- ɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ, ɢɧɵɯ): ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɩɨɞɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ, ɭɬɜɟɪ­ɠɞɟɧɢɟ, ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɞɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟ­ɧɢɹ, ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ, ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɟɧɢɟ; ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɨɛɨɪɨɬ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɟ ɤ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɧɨɦ ɩɨɞ­ɯɨɞɟ ɟɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɨɛɨɪɨɬ ɜɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɟɥɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ;

- ɮɨɪɦɵ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ; ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɮɨɪɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢɧɰɢ­ɩɨɦ: ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɚ – ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɟɧ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɪɟɲɚɟɦɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ;