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Файл:Организационные системы моделирование и управление. Учебник
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Ⱦɥɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ, ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɦɨɞɟ-
ɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ (ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ), ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɤɨ-
ɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɢ, ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɥɢɰɚ,
ɫɨɡɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ
ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ, ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ
ɚɛɫɬɪɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɇɚ ɲɤɚɥɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ (ɪɢɫ. 2.6) ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɞɜɟ ɤɪɚɣɧɢɟ ɬɨɱɤɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɬɟɪɹɟɬ ɫɦɵɫɥ [4]. Ɉɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ (ɤɪɚɣɧɹɹ ɥɟɜɚɹ)
ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɚ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ, ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɟɲɟɜɥɟ
ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɫ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ (ɟɫɬɶ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɬɨɧɭɬɶ ɜ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɢ ɡɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɹɦɢ ɧɟ ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɥɟɫɚ). Ɇɨɠɧɨ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ,
ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɵ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɟ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɷɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɡɚɬɹɧɭɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɨɛɨɣɬɢɫɶ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɞɨɪɨɝɨ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɧɟɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɵɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɦ (ɭɳɟɪɛɭ). Ʉɪɚɣɧɹɹ ɩɪɚɜɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ, ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ, ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɝɪɭɛɚ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ,
ɢɡɭɱɚɟɦɭɸ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɞɚɠɟ ɜ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ (ɫ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɜɵɩɥɟɫɧɭɥɢ ɢ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ).
Ɋɢɫ. 2.6. ɒɤɚɥɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɨɫɢɬ ɢɬɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ, ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ (ɪɢɫ. 2.7).
ɋɪɚɡɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɭɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɨɰɟɥɶɸ. Ɇɨɞɟɥɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
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Ɋɢɫ. 2.7. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɦɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ [50]:
- ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ – ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ, ɨɫɨɡɧɚɬɶ,
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ;
- ɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ – ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɹɡɵɤɨɦ, ɩɨɧɹɬɧɵɦ ɪɚɡ-
ɧɵɦ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɦ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ;
- ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɬɪɟɧɚɠ – ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɬɪɟɧɚɠɟɪ ɩɢɥɨɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɫɦɨɧɚɜɬɚ;
- ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ – ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɜ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɧɨɦ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɟ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ;
- ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ – ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ; ɨɧɨ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɬɨɝɞɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɟ ɥɢɛɨ ɡɚɬɹɧɭɬɵ, ɥɢɛɨ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɬɟɱɧɵ, ɨɲɢɛɤɢ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɫ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɞɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɛɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɦɚɥɵ.
ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɢɦɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ [50], ɢɦɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ – ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ
ɥɢɛɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɥɢɛɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ
, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢ-
ɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
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2.4.2. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɞɜɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɩɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɨɫɬɢ: ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ.
Ɏɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɩɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɞɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ:
- ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɟ: ɩɨɥɧɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɟ (ɬɪɟɧɚɠɟɪɵ, ɢɦɢɬɚɬɨɪɵ); ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɧɵɟ (ɝɥɨɛɭɫ, ɤɚɪɬɚ, ɦɚɤɟɬ); ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɧɵɟ (ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ȾɇɄ);
- ɚɧɚɥɨɝɨɜɵɟ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɨɞɟɥɶɸ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɺɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
RC-ɰɟɩɨɱɤɚ; ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɜ ɧɟɣ, ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦ ɜ
ɺɦɤɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ).
ɋɢɦɜɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɩɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɭ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɞɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ:
- ɜɟɪɛɚɥɶɧɵɟ (ɫɥɨɜɟɫɧɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ);
- ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ (ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɚɦɢ, ɫɯɟɦɚɦɢ, ɱɟɪɬɟɠɚɦɢ);
- ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ (ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ).
ɉɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟ-
ɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɬɢɩɚ:
– ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɬɢɩɚ «ɱɟɪɧɵɣ ɹɳɢɤ»: Y = f(X);
– ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɬɢɩɚ «ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɵɣ ɹɳɢɤ»: Y = f(X, Ⱥ);
– ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɬɢɩɚ «ɫɟɪɵɣ ɹɳɢɤ»: Y = f(X, Ⱥ('Y)).
ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɯ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ:
X – ɜɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɜɯɨɞɵ;
A – ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ;
Y – ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ, ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɜɵɯɨɞɵ.
ȼ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɯ ɬɢɩɚ «ɱɟɪɧɵɣ ɹɳɢɤ» ɦɵ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɦ ɧɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ. Ɇɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɫɭɞɢɬɶ ɨɛ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɟ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ
ɧɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɜɯɨɞɵ, ɜɨɡ-
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ. Ɇɨɞɟɥɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ.
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Ɇɨɞɟɥɢ ɬɢɩɚ «ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɵɣ ɹɳɢɤ», ɧɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɟ
ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɯ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɢɧɵɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ; ɢɯ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɟɬɟɪɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦɢ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ
ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ.
Ɇɨɞɟɥɢ ɬɢɩɚ «ɫɟɪɵɣ ɹɳɢɤ» ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɩɟɪɜɵɦɢ
. ȼ ɧɢɯ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ,
ɚ ɢɯ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ (ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ) ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ.
ȿɳɟ ɨɞɧɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ – ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɦ ɫɜɨɣ-
ɫɬɜɚɦ – ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 2.2. ȼ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ:
C – ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɫɬɶ/ɞɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɨɫɬɶ; L – ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɫɬɶ/ɧɟɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɫɬɶ; S – ɫɬɚɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ/ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ; P – ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɨɫɬɶ/ɧɟɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɨɫɬɶ; D – ɞɟɬɟɪɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ/ɫɬɨɯɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ. Ʉɨɞ 1 ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɧɚɥɢɱɢɸ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ
ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ, ɚ 0 – ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ.
Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ 32 ɬɢɩɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɨɬ 00000 ɞɨ 11111. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: Ɇɨɞɟɥɶ CLSPD = 11010 ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ
ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɭɸ, ɥɢɧɟɣɧɭɸ, ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ, ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɭɸ ɢ ɫɬɨɯɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ.
Ɍ ɚ ɛ ɥ ɢ ɰ ɚ 2.2
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɩɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ
ɇɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵɟ 1 C 0 Ⱦɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ
Ʌɢɧɟɣɧɵɟ 1 L 0 ɇɟɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɟ
ɋɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ 1 S 0 Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɋɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɟ 1 P 0 ɇɟɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɟ
Ⱦɟɬɟɪɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ 1 D 0 ɋɬɨɯɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɧɚ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵɟ (ɚɧɚɥɨɝɨɜɵɟ) ɢ ɞɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɧɵɟ, ɪɟɥɟɣɧɵɟ ɢ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɵɟ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɨɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ:
– ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɚɹ x(t) – ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɝɨ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚ;
– ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɧɚɹ x(t
) – ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɞɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚ;
i
54
– ɪɟɥɟɣɧɚɹ xj(t) – ɞɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɝɨ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚ;
– ɰɢɮɪɨɜɚɹ x
) – ɞɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɞɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚ.
j(ti
ɇɚɞɨ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɣ Ɇɢɪ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵ. Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ, ɞɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɵ. Ⱦɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɵɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɫɥɨɜɨ ɢ, ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ, ɹɡɵɤ. ɇɟ ɜɫɺ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ. ɇɟ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ ɥɢ ɫɬɪɨɱɤɚ
ɢɡ ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ Ɍɸɬɱɟɜɚ: «Ɇɵɫɥɶ ɢɡɪɟɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɟɫɬɶ ɥɨɠɶ»?
ɐɢɮɪɨɜɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ
ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ, ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ, ɛɟɞɧɟɟ,
ɱɟɦ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɨɜɨɟ. ɗɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɨɬ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɨɜɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɤ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɨɣ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ Ɏɭɪɶɟ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɠɟɧɢɟɦ
ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɵ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɸɚɧɫɵ, ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ, ɞɟɬɚɥɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɢ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɨɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ, ɢ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɨɣ ɡɜɭɤ
ɛɟɞɧɟɟ ɧɸɚɧɫɚɦɢ, ɱɟɦ
ɢɯ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɨɜɵɟ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɵ. Ɇɭɡɵɤɚ, ɡɜɭɱɚɳɚɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟɪɬɧɨɦ ɡɚɥɟ, ɛɨɝɚɱɟ ɢ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɦɭɡɵɤɚ, ɡɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɨɦ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɰɢɮɪɨɜɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɨ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɟɪɟɞ
ɚɧɚɥɨɝɨɜɨɣ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟ, ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɸ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɵ ɤ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɨɜɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ.
ȼ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɦɨ-
ɞɟɥɟɣ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ (ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ): ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ; ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ; ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ; ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜɵɟ; ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɧɵɟ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚɯ ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤɚ.
2.5. ɉɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ
2.5.1. ɉɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ
Ɍɟɪɦɢɧ «ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ» ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɬ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ «ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ», ɱɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ
ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɶ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɢɬɶ. ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ, ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ – ɷɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɟ ɞɟɥɨ, ɜ ɭɡɤɨɦ ɠɟ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ – ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ, ɬɨɪɝɨɜɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɚɹ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɟɞɢɧɢɰ
(ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɵɣ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ).
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ɉɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɦ ɡɜɟɧɨɦ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ. ɉɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ – ɷɬɨ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɣ ɪɢɫɤ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɢ
ɨɬ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ, ɩɪɨɞɚɠɢ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬ, ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ
ɭɫɥɭɝ, ɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɡɚɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɜ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɡɚ
-
ɤɨɧɨɦ [38].
ɉɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ.
Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ
ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ:
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ, ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ, ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ, ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ,
ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɯ, ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɬ. ɞ., ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɭɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɡɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ, ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɣ
ɛɚɧɤ, ɩɨɥɢɤɥɢɧɢɤɚ, ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ.
ɉɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ (ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ), ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɜɵɩɭɫɤ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ
ɝɪɭɩɩɵ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɟɮɬɟɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɡɚɜɨɞ, ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɬ, ɮɚɪɦɚɰɟɜɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɮɚɛɪɢɤɚ; ɧɚ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɢ ɨɬ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ: ɫɬɚɧɤɢ, ɦɚɲɢɧɵ, ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɵ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ, ɤɨɧɜɟɣɟɪɵ.
Ʉɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ
ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɚɞɨ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ
ɪɨɥɶ, ɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ – ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ. Ɉɛɳɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɨɢɯ
ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ
ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɭɠɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ [38].
Ʌɸɛɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ – ɷɬɨ ɟɞɢɧɵɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɣ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ
ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɦɢ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ: ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ (ɧɚ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ), ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ, ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ. ɉɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ
ɬɚɤɠɟ
56
ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɥɢɰɨ, ɢɦɟɸɳɟɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ [38]:
– ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɛɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ;
– ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦ;
– ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɬɶ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɧɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ
ɩɪɚɜɚ;
– ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɟɫɬɢ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ;
– ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɬɰɨɦ ɢ ɨɬɜɟɬɱɢɤɨɦ ɜ ɫɭɞɟ;
– ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɢ ɫɦɟɬɭ.
ɘɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɥɢɰɨ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɚ
ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɭɫɬɚɜɚ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ. ȼ ɭɫɬɚɜɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬɫɹ: ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ, ɩɨɱɬɨɜɵɣ ɚɞɪɟɫ, ɩɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ
ɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɟɞɢɧɢɰ, ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɢ ɰɟɥɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɢ, ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɢ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɢ.
ɘɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɥɢɰɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɭɫɬɚɜɧɵɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ ɢ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ.
ɍɫɬɚɜɧɵɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ – ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɭɫɬɚɜɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɫɭɦɦɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ. Ɉɧ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɫɪɨɤɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ.
ɂɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ
ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɫɤɢɦ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɨɦ, ɢɥɢ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɨɦ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ.
2.5.2. Ȼɚɥɚɧɫ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ
Ȼɚɥɚɧɫ – ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ
ɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɢɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɞɚɬɭ ɜ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɨɦ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ.
ɉɨ ɫɭɬɢ ɞɟɥɚ, ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɟɫɬɶ ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɪɬɪɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ. Ȼɚɥɚɧɫ
ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ [38].
57
Ⱥɤɬɢɜɵ – ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ
ɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɞɚɬɭ; ɷɬɨ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟɦ
ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɵɝɨɞɟ; ɚɤɬɢɜɵ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɢ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ.
ɉɚɫɫɢɜɵ – ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ:
ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ.
Ɍɟɪɦɢɧ «ɛɚɥɚɧɫ» ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɥɸɛɭɸ ɞɚɬɭ ɚɤɬɢɜ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ
ɪɚɜɟɧ ɟɝɨ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɭ. Ɏɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɜɭɯɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɣ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟɣ
(ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2.3).
Ɍ ɚ ɛ ɥ ɢ ɰ ɚ 2.3
ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ
Ȼɚɥɚɧɫ
Ⱥɤɬɢɜ ɉɚɫɫɢɜ
• ȼɧɟɨɛɨɪɨɬɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ
• Ʉɚɩɢɬɚɥ ɢ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɵ
• Ⱦɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ
•
Ɉɛɨɪɨɬɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ
• Ʉɪɚɬɤɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ
Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɚɬɶɟɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ
ɫ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɬɚ (ɊɋȻɍ) Ⱥɤɬɢɜɵ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ:
- ɜɧɟɨɛɨɪɨɬɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ (ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ, ɧɟɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɵ,
ɧɟɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ, ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɟ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ);
- ɨɛɨɪɨɬɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ (ɡɚɩɚɫɵ, ɞɟɛɢɬɨɪɫɤɚɹ ɡɚɞɨɥɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɟ
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ, ɤɪɚɬɤɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɟ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ).
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞ-
ɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ.
Ʉ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ: ɡɞɚɧɢɹ, ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ,
ɜɧɭɬɪɢɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɨɪɨɝɢ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ (ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɟɬɢ,
58
ɬɟɩɥɨɫɟɬɢ, ɝɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɫɟɬɢ), ɦɚɲɢɧɵ ɢ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ, ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɶ, ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɶ, ɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ,
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢ ɩɥɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɬ, ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɢɟ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɱɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ
ɮɨɧɞɵ (ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɱɧɵɟ ɮɨɧɞɵ, ɦɭɡɟɣɧɵɟ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ).
ȼ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ
ɧɚ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɨɟ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɡɟɦɟɥɶ, ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɚɪɟɧɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ, ɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ, ɜɨɞɚ
, ɧɟɞɪɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɪɟ-
ɫɭɪɫɵ.
Ʉ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɧɟɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɛɵɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ: ɞɨɦɚ ɢ ɞɜɨɪɰɵ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ, ɤɥɭɛɵ, ɠɢɥɵɟ ɞɨɦɚ, ɞɟɬɫɤɢɟ ɫɚɞɵ ɢ ɹɫɥɢ, ɭɱɟɛɧɵɟ ɡɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɥɟɱɟɛɧɨ-ɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ (ɛɨɥɶɧɢɰɵ, ɩɪɨɮɢɥɚɤɬɨɪɢɢ, ɫɚɧɚɬɨɪɢɢ), ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ (ɫɬɚɞɢɨɧɵ, ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧɵ, ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɡɚɥɵ, ɛɚɧɢ, ɫɚɭɧɵ).
ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ,
ɱɬɨ ɧɟɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɮɨɧɞɵ ɧɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ
ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɪɨɫɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɭɞɚ, ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɮɨɧɞɨɜ ɭɥɭɱɲɚɟɬ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɢɯ
ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɱɬɨ, ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɱɟɬɟ, ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ.
ɇɟɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɵ – ɷɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ, ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɨɝɨ
ɜɵɪɚ-
ɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ. Ʉ ɧɟɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ:
- ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ;
- ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ (ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ);
- ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɩɪɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɢɥɢ
ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɥɢɛɨ ɞɥɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɭɠɞ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ;
- ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ;
- ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɭɸ ɩɟɪɟɩɪɨɞɚɠɭ ɚɤɬɢɜɚ;
- ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɨɯɨɞ ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ;
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- ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɟ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɭɳɟ-
ɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɚ ɢ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɭ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ (ɩɚɬɟɧɬɵ, ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɨɯɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ, ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ
ɭɫɬɭɩɤɢ (ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɹ) ɩɚɬɟɧɬɚ, ɬɨɜɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɤɚ ɢ ɬ. ɩ.).
Ʉ ɧɟɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɦ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ: ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɩɚɬɟɧɬɨɨɛɥɚɞɚɬɟɥɹ ɧɚ
ɢɡɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɟɰ, ɩɨɥɟɡɧɭɸ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ; ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɗȼɆ, ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ; ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ
ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɨɛɥɚɞɚɬɟɥɹ ɧɚ ɬɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɯɟɦ; ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ
ɜɥɚɞɟɥɶɰɚ ɧɚ ɬɨɜɚɪɧɵɣ ɡɧɚɤ ɢ ɡɧɚɤ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɦɟɫɬɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ; ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɩɚɬɟɧɬɨɨɛɥɚɞɚɬɟɥɹ ɧɚ ɫɟɥɟɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ; ɞɟɥɨɜɚɹ ɪɟɩɭɬɚɰɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ ɚɤɬɢɜɨɜ «ɧɟɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ» ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɧɚ
ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɦɨɧɬɚɠɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɟ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ, ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ, ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ, ɢɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɹ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨ-ɢɡɵɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ, ɝɟɨɥɨɝɨ-
ɪɚɡɜɟɞɨɱɧɵɟ
ɢ ɛɭɪɨɜɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɧɚ ɨɬɜɨɞ ɡɟɦɟɥɶ, ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫɨ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ, ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ ɤɚɞɪɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɪɨɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ.
Ⱦɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɟ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ – ɷɬɨ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɪɨɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɜ ɞɨɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɵ (ɰɟɧɧɵɟ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ),
ɭɫɬɚɜɧɵɟ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɵ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ, ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɰɟɧɧɵɟ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ,
ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟɦ ɡɚɣɦɵ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦ.
Ɉɛɨɪɨɬɧɵɟ
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɧɵɦ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɨɦ – ɷɬɨ ɬɟ
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɩɨɜɫɟɞɧɟɜɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɰɟɥɢɤɨɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ.
Ɉɛɨɪɨɬɧɵɟ ɮɨɧɞɵ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɹɬ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨ
ɫɜɨɸ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ. Ʉ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɧɵɦ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ: ɡɚɩɚɫɵ (ɫɵɪɶɺ, ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ,
ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ, ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ, ɩɨɥɭɮɚɛɪɢɤɚɬɵ, ɡɚɩɱɚɫɬɢ, ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɜ ɧɟɡɚɜɟɪɲɺɧɧɨɦ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞ-
ɫɬɜɟ, ɩɨɥɭɮɚɛɪɢɤɚɬɵ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɝɨɬɨɜɚɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ ɢ ɬɨɜɚɪɵ,
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