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2.3. ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
2.3.1. ɗɬɚɩɵ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
Ɍɟɪɦɢɧ «ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ» ɩɪɨɱɧɨ ɜɨɲɺɥ ɜ ɧɚɲ ɥɟɤɫɢɤɨɧ, ɢ, ɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ, ɧɟ ɧɭɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɞɥɹ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ «ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ» ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ.
ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ – ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ [14].
Ʌɸɛɨɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤɨɜ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ, ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ,
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ), ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɬɪɺɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɬɚɩɨɜ.
ɗɬɚɩ 1 – ɫɛɨɪ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
ɗɬɚɩ 2 – ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɫ ɠɟɥɚɟɦɵɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɟɝɨ ɤ ɠɟɥɚɟɦɨɦɭ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɸ ɢɥɢ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ.
ɗɬɚɩ 3 – ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ.
ȼ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ
ɷɬɚɩ – Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɷɬɢɦ ɷɬɚɩɨɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ
ɷɬɚɩ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬ ɠɟɥɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɬɢ ɤɚɤ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɬɚɤ
ɢ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɹɞɚ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 1. Ⱥɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ. Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ – ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɧɚ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɦ
ɭɪɨɜɧɟ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ. Ɋɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɣ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɦɭɳɟɧɢɣ. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ (ɬɟɤɭɳɟɟ) ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɞɚɬɱɢɤ – ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɟɟ ɷɬɚɩ 1 ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɟɤɭɳɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ c ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɢ ɡɧɚɤɚ
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ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ (ɨɲɢɛɤɢ, ɪɚɫɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɪɚɡɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ), ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɷɬɚɩ 2 ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɟ
ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ
ɩɨɞɜɨɞɟ ɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɭ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɜɨɞɟ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ, ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɱɟɬɟ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɤ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ – ɷɬɚɩ 3
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ 2. ɉɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ. Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ – ɜɵɩɭɫɤ ɜɨɫ-
ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɫ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ. Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ
ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɨɛɴɟɦɨɜ ɩɪɨɞɚɠ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɵɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɷɬɚɩ 1 ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɨɬ ɠɟɥɚɟɦɵɯ (ɡɚɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ) ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɛ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ (ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ, ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ, ɤɚɞɪɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɢɧɵɯ), ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɧɚ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ – ɷɬɚɩ 2 ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢɧɹɬɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ, ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɵɟ
ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɬɟɯ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ (ɩɪɢɤɚɡɨɜ, ɪɚɫɩɨɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ, ɫɱɟɬɨɜ, ɧɚɤɥɚɞɧɵɯ
ɢ ɢɧɵɯ), ɞɨɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ – ɷɬɚɩ 3 ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ
ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ, ɤɚɤ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɨ ɜɵɲɟ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɷɬɚɩ 1 ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɭɬ ɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ,
ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɫɭɞɢɬɶ ɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ
ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɪɹɞɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ:
- ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ – ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɜɧɟ; ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɚɲɢɧɚ, ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ, ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ,
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ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜ, ɝɨɪɨɞ, ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ; ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɛɟɡ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɲɟɧɨ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ;
- ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ – ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ
ɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ; ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪ, ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪ, ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ, ɤɨɦɚɧɞɢɪ, ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɢɤ,
ɤɨɥɥɟɝɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ, ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ; ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɛɟɡ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɥɢ, ɜ ɥɭɱɲɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɧɟɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ;
- ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɰɟɥɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ – ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɟɲɟɧɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ; ɰɟɥɹɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ, ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɵɩɭɫɤ ɜɨɫɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɫɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ;
- ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ – ɦɟɪɢɥɚ, ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɤɚ-
ɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ; ɰɟɥɶ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ, ɧɟ ɜɫɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɯɨɪɨɲɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ
ɰɟɥɟɣ; ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹɦɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɨɥɟɛɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜɵɩɭɫɤ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɸɳɟɣ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ;
- ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤ
ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ – ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟ-
ɧɢɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɣ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ
ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ; ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɢɥɢ, ɜ ɥɭɱɲɟɦ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɧɟɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ;
- ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɭɩɪɚɜ-
ɥɟɧɢɹ – ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɧɚ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬ; ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɡɚɞɜɢɠɤɢ, ɤɥɚɩɚɧɵ,
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ɜɟɧɬɢɥɢ, ɤɪɚɧɵ, ɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɢ, ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɢ ɢ ɢɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ; ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɭɫɬɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɦɟɪɵ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɨɨɳɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ;
- ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ – ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱ; ɤ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ (ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ): ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɫɵɪɶɟ, ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ, ɮɢɧɚɧɫɵ, ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɵ, ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ, ɫɜɹɡɶ ɢ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ, ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɧɢɟ; ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɡɚɞɜɢɠɤɢ ɧɚ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɟ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɜ ɧɺɦ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɭ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ, ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɨɳɪɹɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ, ɚ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɜ ɫɪɨɤ; ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ; ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ, ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɫɨɪɚɡɦɟɪɹɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɫ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ, ɢ ɟɫɥɢ ɭ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ, ɬɨ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ, ɩɪɢɧɹɜɲɢɣ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɢɣ ɨɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɹ ɟɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ, ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɸ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɣɬɢ ɧɚ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɺɦɚ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɪɨɤɨɜ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬ;
- ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ
ɢɡ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ; ɞɥɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ.
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2.3.2. Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ
ȿɳɺ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɧɟɨɛɯɨ-
ɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ (ɁɇɊ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɥ ɗɲɛɢ [51]: «Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ
ɱɬɨɛɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹ-
ɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝ ɛɵ ɨɬɜɟɬɢɬɶ, ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ
ɦɟɪɟ, ɨɞɧɢɦ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ».
ɂɧɚɱɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ, ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɨɳɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ:
Ro Rɭ,
ɝɞɟ Rɨ – ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ;
Rɭ – ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
ɋɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ Rɨ > Rɭ ɧɟɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɪɢ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɧɟɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɦ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɜɨɡɦɭɳɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɣɬɢ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ
(ɩɪɟɞɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɨɟ), ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɭ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɬ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɺɬ ɤ ɚɜɚɪɢɢ.
ɍɫɥɨɠɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ: ɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ; ɜ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ; ɜ ɪɨɫɬɟ
ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ; ɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɮɨɪɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ;
ɜ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɨɤɨɥɨɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ; ɜ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɬɟ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɨɛ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ; ɜ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɠɧɟɧɢɢ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
ɍɫɥɨɠɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɩɨ ɁɇɊ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
ɂɡ ɁɇɊ ɜɵɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɞɜɚ ɜɵɜɨɞɚ:
– ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ – ɷɬɨ ɫɚɦɵɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɣ ɜɢɞ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ;
– ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
ɋɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ (ɭɫɥɨɠɧɟɧɢɟ) ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ.
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2.3.3. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɢɞɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨ ɪɹɞɭ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ:
1) ɩɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ:
ɚ) ɪɭɱɧɨɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜɫɟ ɷɬɚɩɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ (ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ,
ɩɪɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɟɦ;
ɛ) ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜɫɟ ɷɬɚɩɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ;
ɜ) ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨ-ɦɚɲɢɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɜɟɞɭɳɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ, ɚ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ (ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɵ) ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɭɫɢɥɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ;
2) ɩɨ ɡɚɞɚɱɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ [33]:
ɚ) ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ (ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɜ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɦ
ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɦ):
q
qi q
i min
ɛ) ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ (ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɬɪɚɟɤɬɨɪɢɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɜ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɭɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɹ ɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɟɡɠɟɣ
ɱɚɫɬɢ ɞɨɪɨɝɢ): f
ɜ) ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ (ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɭɫɤ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ): qi Æ qj;
ɝ) ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ (ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɚɟɤɬɨɪɢɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɬɪɚɟɤɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɚɛɥɹ ɫ ɨɪɛɢɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɟɣ): fi (ɯ) Æ fj (x);
ɞ) ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ (ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɩɪɢ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɷɤɫɬɪɟɦɭɦ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ): F [fi (ɯ)] Æ extremum;
i max
;
i min
(x) fi (x) f
i max
(x);
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3) ɩɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ:
ɚ) ɩɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ – ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɞɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɩɨ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɫ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɦ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɩɪɢɦɟɪ: ɱɢɫɥɨɜɨɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɤɨɦ);
ɛ) ɩɨ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɸ, ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɸ – ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ
ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬ ɠɟɥɚɟɦɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ
ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɜɵɡɜɚɥɢ ɷɬɨ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ (ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ: ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɟɦ ɧɚ ɞɨɪɨɝɟ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟɦ ɩɨ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɸ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɨɬ ɩɥɚɧɨɜɵɯ, ɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɥɟɤɚɪɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ);
ɜ) ɩɨ ɜɨɡɦɭɳɟɧɢɸ, ɩɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ – ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɚɰɢɸ
ɜɨɡɦɭɳɟɧɢɣ ɞɨ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɨɧɢ ɩɨɜɥɢɹɥɢ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ (ɩɪɢɦɟɪ: ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɡɦɭɳɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɧɟɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɨɬ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɮɢɥɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɡɚɤɚɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ ɠɢɡɧɢ);
ɝ) ɩɨ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɭ – ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɨɜ
ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ (ɩɪɢɦɟɪ: ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɲɟɫɬɢɞɟɫɹɬɵɯ ɝɨɞɚɯ
ɏɏ ɜɟɤɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɩɥɨɬɢɧɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ Ʉɟɪɱɟɧɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɥɢɜ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ Ⱥɡɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɛ ɨɬɤɚɡɟ
ɨɬ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɚ);
ɞ) ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ – ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ (ɩɪɢɦɟɪ: ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɚɰɢɟɣ ɜɨɡɦɭɳɟɧɢɹ; ɡɞɟɫɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɜɨɡɦɭɳɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɱɢɫɬɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɧɟɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɨ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɡɦɭɳɟɧɢɣ, ɞɚɠɟ
ɬɚɤɢɯ, ɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɡɦɭɳɟɧɢɣ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ;
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɠɟ ɩɨ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɸ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɸ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɣ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɢɯ ɜɵɡɜɚɥɢ; ɜ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɭɳɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ, ɚ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ
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ɜɨɡɦɭɳɟɧɢɣ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦɢ ɩɨ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɸ; ɜ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ
ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɭ).
2.3.4. ɂɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɂɟɪɚɪɯɢɹ (ɜ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɟ ɫ ɝɪɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ – ɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɚɹ ɜɥɚɫɬɶ) – ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɨɬ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɤ ɧɢɡɲɟɦɭ. ɂɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɥɢ ɟɳɟ ɜ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɣ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɂɟɪɚɪɯɢɹ
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɛɵɥ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧ, ɩɨɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɜ ɤɭɥɶɬɨɜɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɯ. ɉɪɢɝɨɠɢɧ Ⱥ. ɂ. ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ «ɡɚ ɜɫɟ
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɟ ɧɚɲɥɨ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɝɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɱɟɦ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɹ» [36].
ɉɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ [14, 29]:
- ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɛɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ, ɥɢɛɨ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɧɨɣ,
ɥɢɛɨ ɢ ɬɨɣ, ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ;
- ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɨɞɧɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ;
- ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɞɧɚ ɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɧɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸ-
ɳɚɹɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɢ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɧɨɣ (ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɟɞɢɧɨɧɚɱɚɥɢɹ);
- ɥɸɛɚɹ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫ ɨɞ-
ɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ (ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɫ-
ɩɨɪɹɞɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ).
ȼ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɢ ɭɩɪɚɡɞɧɢɬɶ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɸ, ɜɧɟɞɪɹɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɫɦ.
ɩɭɧɤɬ 3.4.4), ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɨɜɚɥɵ ɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɟɪɧɭɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ.
2.3.5. ɋɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ
ȼ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ 1.2 ɛɵɥɚ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɚɹ ɫ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. Ʉ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ
38
ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɟɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ:
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ, ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ, ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬ. Ɉɲɢɛɨɱɧɨɟ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɥɨ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɩɪɟɫɫɭ ɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ, ɧɨ ɢ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɤɨɪɛɧɨ,
ɜ ɭɱɟɛɧɭɸ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ. ɉɨɞ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɦ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɬɚɞɢɸ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ. ɫɥɨɜɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɧɚɞɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ
, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɪɟɱɶ ɢɞɟɬ ɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɢ,
ɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, – ɤɨɝɞɚ ɪɟɱɶ ɢɞɟɬ ɨ ɰɟɥɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɩɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ
ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ.
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ – ɷɬɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɵɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɋɢɧɨɧɢɦɨɦ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝ, ɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɟɟ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ
ɤɚɤɢɦ-ɥɢɛɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɨɬ
ɠɟɥɚɟɦɨɝɨ. ɇɚɞɨ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ
ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɣ. ɇɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɛɟɡ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚɦ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ, ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɥɢ, ɜ ɥɭɱɲɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɧɟɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ.
ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɜ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚ-
ɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɚɹ
ɨɲɢɛɨɱɧɚɹ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɜɤɚ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɩɨ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɭ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɜ [12, 30] ɢ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɢɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɜ [5, 23]. Ɉɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɟ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ, ɩɨɠɚɥɭɣ, ɧɟɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚ. Ⱥɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɟ ɫɥɨɜɨ Control ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɢ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ,
ɢ ɤɚɤ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ. ɇɨ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɜɤɚ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɤɚɤ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɪɭɛɟɣɲɟɣ
ɨɲɢɛɤɨɣ.
ȼ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɲɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɯ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɬɨɥɤɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ: ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ – ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɢɡ:
39
- ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɟ;
- ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶ-
ɬɚɬɚɦɢ;
- ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɟɫɥɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶ-
ɬɚɬɵ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ.
ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫ «ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭ-
ɬɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ». Ⱥ ɨɲɢɛɤɢ ɬɚɤɨɜɵ:
- ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ ɧɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɦ ɞɚɠɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩ-
ɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ; ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɜɧɟ:
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ, ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɵɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ, ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ;
- ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ ɢɥɢ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɬ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɟ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟ-
ɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ
ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɦ ɢɥɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɦ;
- ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɫ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦɵɦɢ (ɠɟɥɚɟɦɵɦɢ, ɡɚ-
ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ) ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ, ɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ;
- ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟ-
ɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ, ɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚɦɢ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
ȼ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ, ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɪɢɫɤɚɦɢ: ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ.
ɋɭɞɹ ɩɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɸ, ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɢɡ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɜɵɬɟɤɚɥɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɨ
ɢɦɟɥɨ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɩɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɪɢɫɤɚɦɢ.
Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ, ɨɬɤɭɞɚ ɜɡɹɥɚɫɶ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɨɲɢɛɨɱɧɨɟ
ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ. ɉɨɥɧɨɟ
ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɟɫɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ (ɪɢɫɤɚɦɢ) ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ, ɦɨɝɥɨ ɛɵ ɡɜɭɱɚɬɶ ɬɚɤ: ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɪɢɫɤɚɦɢ.
Ʉɨɦɭ-ɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɡɜɭɱɧɵɦ. ɉɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɬɚɤ ɢ
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