Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Организационные системы моделирование и управление. Учебник
.pdf
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɜɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ
ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɦ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɥɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ (ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ). ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ: ɫɛɨɪɨɱɧɵɣ
ɰɟɯ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɢɮɨɪɦɢɧɝɚ, ɯɥɟɛɨɩɟɤɚɪɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɬ. ɞ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ
ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ: ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɢɹ, ɤɚɧɰɟɥɹɪɢɹ, ɨɬɞɟɥ ɤɚɞɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ.
ɇɚɞɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ ɤ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɢ ɜɫɟ ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɤ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ – ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ. Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɦɵɫɥ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɮɚɡɵ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɬɚ, ɧɨ ɜ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɬɚ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɠɟ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨ
ɥɸɛɨɦɭ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɭ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɜɵɞɟɥɟ-
ɧɢɸ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ.
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ, ɤɨɪɧɟɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɢɫɫɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɝɥɚɜɧɚɹ ɰɟɥɶ ɭɫɬɚɜɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɚ ɜɟɬɜɹɦɢ ɢ ɥɢɫɬɶɹɦɢ – ɰɟɥɢ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɦɟɫɬ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ.
ȼɚɠɧɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɛɵɥ ɢɫɱɟɪɩɵɜɚɸɳɢɦ ɢ ɛɵɥ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧ. Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ: ɪɟɤɬɨɪ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ
ɭɫɬɚɜɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɨɪɟɤɬɨɪɵ – ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɞɟɤɚɧɵ ɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɟɬɨɜ – ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɡɚɜɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɚɦɢ – ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ, ɫɥɭɠɛɵ – ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɦɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɬɚɜɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
91
ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ (ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ,
ɚ ɧɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɢɹ!) ɩɨɤɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜ-
ɥɟɧɢɹ, ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɛɨɝɚɬ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ:
- ɰɟɥɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ,
ɚ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɧɢɠɧɢɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ;
- ɰɟɥɶ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɹ ɫɭɦɦɚ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɫɢɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ);
- ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɥɢ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɰɟɥɢ
ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ;
- ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɨɞɧɢ ɢ ɬɟ ɠɟ ɮɭɧɤ-
ɰɢɢ, ɞɭɛɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ;
- ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ,
ɛɥɢɡɤɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ;
- ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɞɜɭɯ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ.
Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɬɢɩɨɜɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɤ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɸ. ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɬɢɩɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɯ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ [5, 23] ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ.
Ʉ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɬɢɩɨɜɵɦ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ:
– ɥɢɧɟɣɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ;
– ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ;
– ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨ-ɲɬɚɛɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ;
– ɞɢɜɢɡɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ;
– ɦɚɬɪɢɱɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ.
ɉɪɟɠɞɟ ɱɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɣɬɢ ɤ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɸ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ, ɨɛɫɭɞɢɦ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɥɟɠɚɬ
ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ.
92
3.4.2. Ʌɢɧɟɣɧɨɟ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɇɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɬɶ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɟ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ.
Ʌɢɧɟɣɧɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ – ɷɬɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɹɦɵɦ
ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹ) ɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ
ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɥɹɰɢɢ (ɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ) ɪɚɫɩɨɪɹɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɭɫɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɣ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɦ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ. ɋɭɛɴɟɤɬ
ɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ – ɧɟɫɺɬ ɩɨɥɧɭɸ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɚɧɨɜ ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɢ ɫɪɨɤɚɦ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɚ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ
ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɦ, ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɦ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɭ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɢ. ɉɨɞ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɹɦɢ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɹ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɹɞɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨ
ɱɢɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ
ɪɚɫɩɨɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ, ɞɟɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɚɜ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹɦ ɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɧɵɦ ɥɢɰɚɦ. Ʌɢɧɟɣɧɨɟ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɢɟ – ɟɫɬɶ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ
ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɹɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɭɫɬɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ, ɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɦ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɦ. Ʌɢɧɟɣɧɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ, ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹɦɢ
ɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹɯ.
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ – ɷɬɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹ) ɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɥɹɰɢɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɢɧɢɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɹɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɢɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ,
ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ. ɋɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɢɣ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɧɟɫɭɳɢɣ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ
ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ – Ʌɢɧɟɣɧɵɣ ɪɭ-
ɩɨɞ-
, ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ
93
ɩɨɥɧɨɬɭ ɢ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɡɚ ɫɜɨɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɢ ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ, ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɭ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɢ. Ʉ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɹɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɹ ɩɨ ɢɧɢɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹ
ɪɚɫɩɨɪɹɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɣ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɦ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹɦ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ, ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɸ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɯ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɧɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ
ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɦ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ
ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɣ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ ɨɝɨɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ, ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ
ɫɮɟɪɭ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹ, ɨɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ
ɨɝɨɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɹ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ
ɫɜɨɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɣ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɪɟɬ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɦ, ɹɜɧɨ ɧɚɪɭɲɚɸɳɢɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ, ɜ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɢɟ – ɟɫɬɶ ɨɛɹɡɚɧ-
ɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ, ɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɨɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹ
ɢɥɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɢɦ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹɦɢ, ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹɯ, ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣ
ɫɬɜɢɹ.
Ʌɢɧɟɣɧɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟɦ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ – ɷɬɨ ɜɢɞ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ, ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨ ɫɭɬɢ ɞɟɥɚ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɥɟɝɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ
ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹɦ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɧɵɦ ɥɢɰɚɦ – ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
ȼ ɪɹɞɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɲɢɛɨɱɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɟ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ,
ɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ – ɧɚ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɵ
-
94
ɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɧɚɞɨ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɱɢɫɬɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ. Ʉɚɠɞɨɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɢ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɝɨ, ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
ɉɪɢɱɺɦ ɤɚɠɞɨɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɋɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɠɟ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹ
ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨ ɢ
ɬɨ ɠɟ «ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ» ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ. Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɤɚɤ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɦ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɚɦ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɭ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɪɨɥɶ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɚ, ɚ ɪɨɥɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹ
ɜɨɡ-
ɦɨɠɧɚ. Ɋɨɥɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɟɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɪɭɤɨɜɨ-
ɞɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɸ ɧɢɠɟɥɟɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɭ
ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. Ʉɪɟɞɢɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɩɪɨɞɚɠ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɚɧɤɚ
ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɸ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɥɢɰ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ, ɱɬɨ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɢ ɝɞɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɨ
ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɩɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɜɵɞɚɱɢ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɜ (ɤɚɤ?) ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɵɣ
ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ, ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ, ɩɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ – ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɥɭɠɛɟ, ɩɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɤ – ɫɥɭɠɛɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɬɚ
ɢ ɬ. ɞ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨ-ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (
ɅɎɍ) –
ɷɬɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɧɨɟ ɥɢɰɨ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɢ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɝɨ, ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɍ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɨɞɢɧ, ɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ.
.
95
ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɅɎɍ, ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɢ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɦ ɢ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ, ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦɢ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɦ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɬɢɩɚ (ɩɨ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɢ ɫ ɫɟɬɟɜɵɦ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ):
- ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ – ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɟɦɭ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ;
- ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ – ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɵ –
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɅɎɍ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɵɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ, ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɦ.
Ʌɢɧɟɣɧɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ (Ʌɍ) – ɟɫɬɶ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɢɩɚ ɂɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ. Ʌɢɧɟɣɧɵɟ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɸɬ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ, ɬɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ. Ʉ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɦ ɨɛɹ-
ɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ:
- ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ-
ɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɩɥɚɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɲɟɫɬɨɹɳɢɦɢ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ
ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ;
- ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ
ɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ;
- ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢ ɢɧɨɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧ-
ɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɚ ɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ
ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɨɜ;
- ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɢɩɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɤɚɞɪɨɜɵɟ ɜɨ-
ɩɪɨɫɵ, ɨɩɥɚɬɚ ɬɪɭɞɚ, ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɨ-ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɜ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɟ).
96
Ʉ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɦ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɹɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ:
- ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ;
- ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɹɦɵɯ ɭɫɬɧɵɯ ɭɤɚ-
ɡɚɧɢɣ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɚɦ;
- ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɣ ɩɨɞɱɢ-
ɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɚɦɢ;
- ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ;
- ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɟ ɞɟɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɣ ɢ ɪɚɡɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-
ɫɬɢ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ.
Ʌɢɧɟɣɧɵɟ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɧɟɫɭɬ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚ:
- ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɚɧɨɜ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɧɵɦ
ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ;
- ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɨɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɩɨ
ɨɛɴɟɦɚɦ, ɫɪɨɤɚɦ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɭ, ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ, ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɦɢ
ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ, ɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ;
- ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɅɎɍ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢ-
ɦɵɦɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɢɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ:
- ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ-ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ (ɎɆɍ, ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɢɩɚ
ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬ), ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ – ɨɪɝɚɧ, ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɳɢɣ ɡɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ; ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ-ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ;
- ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ-ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ (ɎɈɍ, ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɢɩɚ
ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ), ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɟɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ – ɨɪɝɚɧɵ, ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɳɢɟ ɡɚ ɢɧɢɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɹɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ
97
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɢɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ, ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɢ ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ.
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɧɟɫɭɬ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚ:
- ɩɨɥɧɨɟ, ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɧɨɟ ɢ ɫɜɨɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ
ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɅɎɍ ɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɢ ɜɨɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ
ɧɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ;
- ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɞ-
ɱɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɅɎɍ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ;
- ɢɧɢɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɞ-
ɱɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɅɎɍ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɵɦ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ
ɡɚɞɚɱɚɦ.
ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɟ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɧɚ
ɪɢɫ. 3.10. ɇɚ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɞɟɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɝɨ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (Ʌɍ) ɩɨɞɱɢɧɺɧɧɵɦ ɞɟɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɢ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɨɦ. ɍ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹ ɞɟɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɦ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬɚ. Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɚ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɚ (ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɦ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɚ) ɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ
. Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɞɟɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ-ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɎɆɍ), ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɎɆɍ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɫɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ ɞɨɧɢɡɭ. Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹɦ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ ɞɟɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬɚ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɟɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ-ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɎɈɍ) ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹɦ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɚ, ɚ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹɦ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɚ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, – ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɹ ɎɈɍ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹɦ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɚ.
98
Ɋɢɫ. 3.10. ɋɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
3.4.3. Ʌɢɧɟɣɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ
Ʌɢɧɟɣɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ. ȼ ɧɟɣ ɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ, ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ
ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ.
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 3.11 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɟɣɲɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ – ɥɢɧɟɣɧɚɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ ɢ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: ɅɊ – ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ, ɉɉ – ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ
ɅɊ-0 – ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, Ⱥ/ȼ/ɋ –ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ. Ʌɢɧɟɣɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɦ. ȼɫɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɬɚ
ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɚ ɜ ɪɭɤɚɯ ɅɊ-0, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ.
Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɢ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɵ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɵɯ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɩɪɢɪɚɜɧɟɧɨ
ɬɪɺɦ.
Ɋɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɚɹ ɞɟɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ (ɪɢɫ. 3.12), ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɸɬ
ɫɜɨɢɯ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɯ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɢɠɧɟɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɅɊ-1, ɅɊ-2, ɅɊ-3.
ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ,
99
Ɋɢɫ. 3.11. Ʌɢɧɟɣɧɚɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ
Ɋɢɫ. 3.12. Ʌɢɧɟɣɧɚɹ ɞɟɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ
Ʌɢɧɟɣɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɅɊ-0 ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɯ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɢɠɧɟɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɟɬ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɢ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɢɪɭɟɬ ɢɯ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ.
Ʉ ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɚɦ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ:
- ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɚ, ɱɟɬɤɨɫɬɶ, ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ;
- ɩɨɥɧɨɬɚ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ ɟɞɢɧɨɧɚɱɚɥɢɹ ɢ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɹɞɢ-
ɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ;
- ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɜɫɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ;
- ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ.
ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ
ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɦ ɩɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ
ɱɢɫɥɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹ. ɗɬɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɵ ɧɚ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɨ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɭ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ.
100
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]