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Файл:Организационные системы моделирование и управление. Учебник
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ɟɞɢɧɵɯ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ, ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɟɞɢɧɵɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɧɚɞɨ
ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɱɬɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɨɞɧɭ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɢ ɟɺ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɫ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ
ɟɞɢɧɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɚɦɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ
ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɩɪɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɦɧɨɝɨɩɥɚɧɨɜɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ.
ɂɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ, ɲɢɪɟ, ɫɪɟɞɭ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɜ
ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɢɥɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɹɹ ɧɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ. ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɟɪɜɢɫ, ɫɨɡɞɚɸɳɢɣ ɭɞɨɛɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɚɳɢɣ
ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɢ.
ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɵɯ CASE-ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ (CASE –
Computer Aided Soft/System Engineering). ɗɬɨɬ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ
ɛɵɥ ɫɨɡɞɚɧ ɞɥɹ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ (soft) ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɨɜ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ
ɜɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɢ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ CASE-ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɛɵɥɚ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɚ ɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɢɥɚ
ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ (system), ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ.
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɵ ɢ ɜɨɫɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɥɢɛɨ
ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ (ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɢ
), ɥɢɛɨ ɫ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ
(ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɢ).
Ʉ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ:
SADT – ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ (Structured Anal-
ysis & Design Technique; Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ);
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ERD – ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɛɚɡ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ (Entity/Relationship Diagram; Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ – ɫɜɹɡɶ);
DFD – ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ (Data Flow Diagram; Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ);
WFD – ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɪɚɛɨɬ, ɞɟɥɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɨɪ-
ɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ (Work Flow Diagram; Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɪɚɛɨɬ);
UML – ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ, ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɥɟɜɨɝɨ
ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ (Unified Modeling
Language; ɍɧɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ);
STD – ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ (State Transition
Diagrams; Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ).
Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɦ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ, ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɧɨɝɨ
ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ:
ɎɋȺ – ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ
ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɛɟɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɫɬɢ (Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ-ɋɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɧɨɣ Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ);
ABC – ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɩɨ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹɦ
ɞɟɥɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨ-
ɰɟɫɫɨɜ (Activity Based Costing; ɪɚɫɱɺɬ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɟɣ);
BSC – ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ (Balanced ScoreCard; ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɛɚɥɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ);
KPI – ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ (Key Performance Indicators; Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ).
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɶɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ, ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɹɞ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ ɫɟɬɟɣ ɉɟɬɪɢ.
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Ʉ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹɦ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɜ
ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɧɭ:
ARIS (ȺɊɂɋ) – ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ, ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹ
ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɝɨ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ (ARchitecture of integrated Information
System; ȺɊɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɋɢɫɬɟɦ).
ɉɪɢɜɟɞɺɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ. Ɍɚɤ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɹɹ
ɜɟɪɫɢɹ ɹɡɵɤɚ UML ɩɪɢɧɹɬɚ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚ
ISO/IEC 19505. Ɇɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɢ SADT, ERD
, WFD ɜɨɲɥɢ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɚ ɫɬɚɧ-
ɞɚɪɬɨɜ IDEF (Integration DEFinition ɢɥɢ Icam DEFinition), ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɜ ɋɒȺ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ICAM (Integrated Computer Aided Manufacturing). ɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɷɬɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɢ
ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɦɢ ɞɟ-ɮɚɤɬɨ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢ ɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ. Ƚɨɫɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ ɊɎ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɥ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɸ
SADT, ɩɪɢɧɹɜ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬ ɪɟɢɧɠɢɧɢɪɢɧɝɚ ɞɟɥɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɚ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ – ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬ Ɋ50.1.028-2001 «Ɇɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ IDEF0». ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ISO (Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ) ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɩɪɢɞɚɧɢɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɢ SADT
(IDEF0) ɫɬɚɬɭɫɚ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚ. Ɇɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹ DFD ɧɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ. Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɢ
ARIS ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɵ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɦɢ ɥɢɲɶ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ɤɨɦ-
ɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ. Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɢ.
ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ
ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ: DesignIDEF, BPwin, ERwin, Rational
Rose, ARIS. Ɉɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ
ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ MS Visio, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɷɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ («ɪɢɫɨɜɚɥɨɤ»), ɱɟɦ ɤ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɛɚɡ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ
ɨ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ
ɢɧɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 4.2 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ-
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɣ, ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ.
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ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ CASE-ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ: ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɨɧɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɨ? ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ: ɤɚɤɨɜɚ ɪɨɥɶ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ
ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ CASE-ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɧɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɚ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɤɚɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɤɚ, ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ, ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɳɢɤɚ?
Ɋɢɫ. 4.2. Ɇɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ ɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɋɮɟɪɚɦɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ
CASE-ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ:
– ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ – ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ;
– ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ;
– ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ;
– ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɹɹ ɫɮɟɪɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɚ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ CASE-
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɣ. ȼ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 4.1 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚɞɨ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ, ɱɬɨ CASE-ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ
ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ
ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɩɨ
ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɥɨɠɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɯ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɤɨɜ, ɧɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɩɨ
ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɧɚ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɩɭɬɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɧɢɹ, ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɜɵɲɟ ɜ ɩɭɧɤɬɟ 3.5.5. ɇɢɠɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ SADT ɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ
ERD ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɡɚɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɨɜɚɥɢ ɫɟɛɹ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚɯ
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ɩɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɢ ARIS ɤɚɤ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ɍ ɚ ɛ ɥ ɢ ɰ ɚ 4.1
Ɉɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢ CASE-ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ
ɉɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ
Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ
Ⱦɟɥɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ
ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɨɤɢ
Ʉɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ
ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɡɚɞɚɱ
ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɀɢɜɭɱɟɫɬɶ (ɛɟɫɬɭɩɢɤɨɜɨɫɬɶ, ɛɟɫɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɧɨɫɬɶ)
Ȼɵɫɬɪɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ
ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ
ɂɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ
ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ
ȼɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɨɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ
Ɉɩɬɢɦɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɵɣ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ
ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
Ɋɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱ
ɩɨ ɭɡɥɚɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
Ɋɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱ
ɩɨ ɭɡɥɚɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
Ɋɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱ
ɩɨ ɭɡɥɚɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ
ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ
ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ
ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ
ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ
ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ
ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ
ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ (ɛɚɡ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ)
ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ
ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ (ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ)
ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ
ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ (ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ)
145
Ɇɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹ
ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ
Ɇɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɢ
BSC, KPI
Ɇɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹ
IDEF0
Ɇɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹ
ARIS
Ɇɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɢ
ABC, ɎɋȺ
ɋɟɬɢ ɉɟɬɪɢ
Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ
Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ
ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɋɟɬɟɜɨɟ
ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
Ɇɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɢ
ABC, ɎɋȺ
Ɇɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹ
IDEF1X
Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ
Ɇɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɢ
ABC, ɎɋȺ
Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ
ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
CASE-
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ
ARIS BSC,
ARIS Toolset
DesignIDEF,
BPwin
ARIS Toolset
DesignIDEF,
ARIS ABC,
ȼɂɉ Costing
IDEF/CPN,
ARIS Simulation
í
IDEF/CPN,
ARIS Simulation
MS Project
DesignIDEF,
ARIS ABC,
ȼɂɉ Costing
ERwin,
DesignIDEF,
ARIS Toolset
í
DesignIDEF,
ARIS ABC,
ȼɂɉ Costing
ARIS Simulation
Ɉɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɜɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ
ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɢ, ɜɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹ UML, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɜ ARIS. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ: ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɢɡ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɺɦ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤɚ.
4.2. Ɇɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫɬɚɜɢɬɫɹ ɬɨɝɞɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɫɩɟɤɬɪ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟɦ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹ SADT [26] ɢ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɟɺ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ IDEF0. ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɟɠɢɬ
ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɚɹ ɢɡ ɛɥɨɤɨɜ, ɨɛɳɢɣ ɜɢɞ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 4.3.
Ɋɢɫ. 4.3. Ȼɥɨɤ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɢ SADT
Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɛɥɨɤ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ, ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɭ, ɬɨ
ɟɫɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ (Activity), ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɯ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ
ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ. ɋ ɛɥɨɤɨɦ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫɬɪɟɥɤɢ, ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ. ɉɪɢɱɟɦ, ɫɬɪɟɥɤɚɦ, ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɬɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ, ɩɪɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ
ɫɦɵɫɥ.
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ɋɬɪɟɥɤɢ, ɩɪɢɦɵɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɤ ɛɥɨɤɭ ɫɥɟɜɚ, ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɜɯɨɞɨɜ (Input), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ. ȼɯɨɞɚɦɢ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɥɢɟɧɬɵ, ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɢ, ɚɛɢɬɭɪɢɟɧɬɵ, ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɢ, ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ, ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ, ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɮɢɧɚɧɫɵ, ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ.
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɟɥɤɚɦɢ ɫɩɪɚɜɚ: ɜɵɯɨɞɵ (Output). ɉɪɢɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ, ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ
, ɭɫɥɭɝɢ, ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɜɵɩɭɫɤɧɢɤɢ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɢ (Mechanism),
ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɦɵɟ ɫɬɪɟɥɤɚɦɢ ɫɧɢɡɭ: ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ, ɨɬɞɟɥɵ, ɫɥɭɠɛɵ, ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɢ, ɦɚɲɢɧɵ, ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɵ.
ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɥɸɛɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ
ɪɚɦɤɚɯ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹɯ, ɢɥɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ (Control) – ɫɬɪɟɥɤɢ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ. Ɍɚɤɢɦɢ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ, ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ, ɥɢɰɟɧɡɢɢ, ɭɫɬɚɜɵ, ɪɚɫɩɨɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ,
ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ, ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɪɭɩɩ
ɫɬɪɟɥɨɤ (Input, ɋontrol, Output,
Mechanism) ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɟ ICOM-ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɞɟɹ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ʉɚɠɞɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɫɱɥɟɧɟɧɚ,
ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɞɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ.
Ɇɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹ SADT ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ, ɧɚɱɚɜ ɫ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ, ɭɫɬɚɜɧɨɣ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ (ɦɢɫɫɢɢ) ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɱɥɟɧɢɬɶ ɟɟ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɞɪɨɛɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɟɥɤɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɬɚɤ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɞɨ ɬɟɯ ɩɨɪ, ɩɨɤɚ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɟɣɲɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ-ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ, ɱɥɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɧɟɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ (ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ
ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ). Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ (SADT-ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɢɥɢ IDEF0-ɦɨɞɟɥɶ
). Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɢ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɵ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɜ [16, 25, 26].
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ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚ IDEF0 ɫɨɡɞɚɧɵ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɭɩɪɨɫɬɢɬɶ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɪɭɬɢɧɧɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ. ɇɢɠɟ
ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɣ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ
DesignIDEF ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ – ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ.
ɉɟɪɜɚɹ, ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɧɚɹ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ (ɪɢɫ. 4.4), ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ
ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ ɫ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɢɟɦ. ȿɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɛɥɨɤ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɧɨɣ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ (ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ 0) ɢɦɟɟɬ ɢɦɹ – ɭɫɬɚɜɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ. ɋɬɪɟɥɤɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɛɥɨɤɨɦ, ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɵɦ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ.
ɍɫɬɚɜɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɚ, ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ: ɭɱɟɛɧɭɸ, ɧɚɭɱɧɭɸ, ɤɚɞɪɨɜɭɸ, ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɭɸ, ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɭɸ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 4.5 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ
ɭɱɟɛɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ.
ȼɫɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ICOM ɧɭɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɬ
ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɭɫɬɚɜɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ ɢ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɩɨ ɰɟɩɨɱɤɟ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ. ɋɬɪɟɥɤɚɦ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɞɟɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɞɚɧɵ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ:
– I1, I2, ... – ɜɯɨɞɵ (Input);
– ɋ1, ɋ2, ... – ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (Control);
– Ɉ1, Ɉ2, ... – ɜɵɯɨɞɵ (Output);
– M1, M2, ... – ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɢ (Mechahism).
Ȼɥɨɤɚɦ ɩɪɢɫɜɚɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɥɨɤ
ɜ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɪɚɫɱɥɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɟɥɤɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ,
ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɨɱɟɪɧɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɟɝɨ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɟɣ. ȿɫɥɢ
ɠɟ ɛɥɨɤ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɣ, ɨɧ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɣ.
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɍɫɬɚɜɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ
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ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ, ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ,
ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɢ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɨɜ ɢ
ɫɥɭɠɛ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
Ɋɢɫ. 4.4. Ʉɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɧɚɹ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ
IDEF0-ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɭɠɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɟɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɞɟɮɟɤɬɵ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ɉɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɦ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ «
ɭɥɨɠɢɬɶ» ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɜ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ. ɂɧɚɱɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ, ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɦ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ,
ɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɣ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ. Ɍɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɪɚɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɞɥɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɣ ɩɨ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ
ɞɟɮɟɤɬɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɜɵɲɟ ɜ ɩɭɧɤɬɟ 3.4.8.
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Ɋɢɫ. 4.5. Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ
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