Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Иностранный язык в профессиональной сфере (английский, немецкий, французский) для ветеринаров. Учебное пособие
.pdf
51
4. Translate the following words and phrases into English:
хромота; окружающая среда; щитовидная железа; преждевременная
смерть; тепловой удар; генетика; постоянная угроза; питание; без доступа к воде; уничтожение сорняков; раны; растущие щенки; сельскохозяйственные животные; кровоизлияние; может привести к болезням; могут причинить себе вред.
5. Read and translate the following text.
Milk fever
Milk fever is a disease characterized by reduced blood calcium levels.
This is a problem around parturition mainly in the dairy cow. A lactating cow
is excreting around 1,25 g Ca/l in her milk. It may be losing 25–50 g Ca per
day, which leads to a fall in blood calcium level. Milk fever occurs less frequently in newly calved heifers compared to older cows. It is more common
among some breeds, par ticularly the Jersey. Milk fever occurs soon after calving. The symptoms are depression, loss of appetite, loss of consciousness,
recumbency. Treatment generally involves a calcium injection by intravenous,
intramuscular or subcutane ous routes. It is given slowly to avoid affecting the
heart. An important prevention is to ensure low calcium in the dry period. High
calcium availability in late pregnancy will reduce the cow’s subsequent ability
to mobilize calcium from bone Section III. Animal Diseases 107 to counteract
loss in milk. High vitamin D in the ration is very important.
Text 11. Salmonellosis
1. Read and memorize the active vocabulary to the text:
salmonellosis ["sælmə'nelɒusis] – сальмонеллез;
to infect [in'fekt] – заражать;
severe [si'viə] – сильный;
to affect [æ'fekt] – поражать;
stool [stu:l] – стул, действие кишечника;
lizard ['lizəd] – ящерица;
snake [sneik] – змея;
turtle ['tə:tl] – черепаха;
immune [i'mju:n] – иммунный;
infant ['infænt] – ребенок;
patient ['pei∫ənt] – больной;
cancer ['kænsə] – рак;
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) – иммунодефицита человека
вирус (ВИЧ);
AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) – синдром приобретенного иммунодефицита (СПИД).
52
2. Read the text and underline or mark the main ideas of this text.
Salmonellosis
Salmonellosis is a bacterial disease caused by the bacterium Salmonella.
More often it infects cattle of young age. Symptoms include fever, watery
diarrhea, and cough. In some cases animals may die in 5–10 days. Salmonellosis
affects lungs, and gastrointestinal system. Many different kinds of Salmonella
can make people sick. Mоst people have diarrhea, fever, and stomach pain.
These symptoms usually go away after one week. Sometimes, people have to
see a doctor or go to the hospital if the diarrhea is severe or the infection has
affected other organs. Many kinds of animals can pass salmonellosis to people.
Usually, people get salmonellosis by eating contaminated food, such as
chicken or eggs. However, animals can carry Salmonella and pass it in their
feces (stool). Therefore, people can also get salmonellosis if they do not wash
their hands after touching the feces of animals. Reptiles (lizards, snakes, and
turtles), baby chicks, and ducklings are especially likely to pass salmonellosis
to people. Dogs, cats, birds (including pet birds), horses, and farm animals can
also pass Salmonella in their feces. Some people are more likely than others
to get salmonellosis. A person's age and health status may affect his or her
immune system, increasing the chances of getting sick. People who are more
likely to get salmonellosis include infants, children younger than 5 years old,
organ transplant patients, people with HIV/AIDS, and people receiving treatment for cancer.
3. Answer the question.
1. What disease is salmonellosis?
2. What cattle does salmonellosis infect more often?
3. What symptoms of the disease do the cattle have?
4. Can people get salmonellosis?
5. What symptoms do people have?
6. What should the patients do if they have salmonellosis?
7. How long are people ill?
8. What treatment do they have?
4. Translate the sentences into English.
1. Инфекционные заболевания, поражающие не только людей, но и
некоторые виды животных, от которых происходит заражение человека,
называют зоонозными инфекциями. 2. Среди различных зоонозных
53
заболеваний наибольшее значение имеют такие болезни, которые поражают сельскохзяйственных животных, особенно крупный рогатый скот.
3. Человек заражается от больных животных либо при близком контакте
с ними, либо употребляя в пищу их мясо, молоко, а также продукты, приготовленные из этого молока. 4. К числу зоонозных инфекций относится
бешенство, передающееся от больного животного человеку при укусе.
5. Стригущий лишай – заразная болезнь кожи, вызываемая различными
видами микроскопических грибков. Болезнь сопровождается выпадением волос на участке поражения – очаге. Такие очаги появляются на
волосистой части головы и туловище. 6. Туберкулез легких у животных
сопровождается кашлем, а туберкулез кишечника – диареей.
5. Check the meaning of the following words using the dictionary.
Fill in the table deseases and symptoms:
anthrax, an outbreak, foot and mouth disease, contagious, edema, communicable, tetanus, swelling, influenza, fever, pain, glanders, hogcholera, lameness, abortion, undulant fever, fungus, saliva, ringworm, tuberculosis, infectious, exhaustion, rabies, cholera, weight loss, calving, diarrhea, blackleg, sporadic, to distinguish, swelling, acute, blackleg, plague, swine dysentery,
cough.
6. Read and translate the following text.
Animal Diseases
Health is an important part of animal welfare. If you own one or more
animals, you are concerned with their health. Your knowledge of a good housing, nutrition, sanitation is the first step. Livestock diseases compromise animal welfare, reduce productivity, and in rare cases can infect humans. Animal
diseases may be reduced through antibiotics and vaccines, internal and external parasite control. In developing countries animal diseases are tolerated in
animal husbandry, resulting in considerably reduced productivity, especially
given the low healthstatus of many developing country herds. Gains from
productivity through disease management are often the first step taken in implementing an agricultural policy. Disease management can be achieved
through changes in animal husbandry. These measures may aim to control
spread by controlling animal mixing, controlling entry to farms and using of
protective clothing, and quarantining sick animals. Diseases management may
be controlled by the use of vaccines and antibiotics. Antibiotics may also be
used as a growthpromoter. The issue of antibiotic resistance has limited the
54
practices of preventative dosing such as antibioticlaced feed. Countries will
often require the use of veterinary certificates before transporting, selling
or showing animals.
Text 12. Cryptosporidium infection and Brucellosis
1. Read and memorize the active vocabulary to the text:
brucellosis ["bru:si′ləʊsis] – бруцеллез;
acute form ['ækjut 'fɒ:m] – острая форма;
malaise [mæ'leiz] – недомогание;
anorexia ["ænə'reksiə] – потеря аппетита;
headache [he'deik] – головная боль;
myalgia [mai'ældʒiə] – миальгия, боль в мышцах;
undulant ['Λndjulənt] – волнообразный;
epididymo-orchitis [epididimo 'ɒrkitis] – воспаление яичка и его при-
датка;
fatigue [fæ'tig] – усталость;
syndrome ['sindrəυm] – синдром;
abrasions [ə'breiʒən] – скотобойня;
abbatoir ['æbətwa:] – ссадина;
veterinarian ["vetəri'nεəriən] – ветеринар;
Cryptosporidium L. – криптоспоридийный;
parasitic ["pærə'sitik] – паразитический;
gastrointestinal ["gæstrə'intestinəl] – желудочно-кишечный;
watery diarrhea ['wɒtəri "daiə'riə] – водяной понос;
cramp [kræp] – судороги;
nausea ['nɒ:sjə] – тошнота;
vomit ['vɒmit] – рвота;
parasite ["pærə'sait] – паразит;
to compromise ['kɒmprəmaiz] – подвергать риску;
immunosuppressive [i"mju:nɒsΛp'resiv] – иммуносупрессорный.
2. Read the text and underline or mark the main ideas of this text.
Cryptosporidium infection and Brucellosis
Cryptosporidium infection (cryptosporidiosis) is a parasitic disease
caused by Cryptosporidium parvum. It usually causes severe infection of the
gastrointestinal system, including watery diarrhea, fever, abdominal cramps,
nausea, and vomiting. Most people get Cryptosporidium infection from
contaminated food and water. However, sometimes animals (including farm
55
animals, cats, and dogs) carry this parasite in their feces (stool) and pass it to
people. People with compromised immune systems, such as those undergoing
immunosuppressive treatments for cancer, organ transplant patients, and people
with HIV/AIDS, are more likely than others to get Cryptospordium infection.
Brucellosis is a bacterial diseases caused by the bacterium Brucella.
It is a chronicle disease of man and animals. At the acute form (< 8 weeks
from illness onset) people have nonspecific and «flu-like» symptoms such as
fever, sweats, malaise, anorexia, headache, myalgia, and back pain. At the undulant form (< 1 year from illness onset), symptoms include undulant fevers,
arthritis. Neurologic symptoms may occur acutely in up to 5 % of cases. In the
chronic form (> 1 year from onset), symptoms may include chronic fatigue
syndrome, depression, and arthritis. Among cattle and pigs are usually met
abortions and epididymo-orchitis. Commonly it is transmitted through abrasions of the skin from handling infected mammals. It occurs more frequently
by ingesting unpasteurized milk or dairy products at the abattoir workers, meat
inspectors, animal handlers, veterinarians, and laboratorians. Brucellosis in
animals is generally typified by lateterm abortions and inflammatory lesions
in the male reproductive tract. Brucellosis (Undulant fever or Malta fever) is
an infectious disease caused by the Brucella bacteria. This bacterial infection
derived its name from a British surgeon, David Bruce. In 1889, he discovered
the bacteria which later was named Brucella melitensis. In cattle this disease
is also known as contagious abortion and infectious abortion. In 1897 Danish
veterinarian Bernhard Bang isolated Brucella abortus as the agent and the additional name Bang’s disease was assigned. In modern usage «Bang’s disease»
is often shortened to just «bangs». Brucellosis is found throughout the world,
but especially in countries having large populations of cattle, goats, sheep and
swine. Species infecting domestic livestock are B. meli tensis (goats and
sheep), B. suis (pigs), B. abortus (cattle and bison), B. ovis (sheep), and B.
canis (dogs). B. abortus also infects bison and elk in North America. Transmission Brucellosis may spread very rapidly in a herd, many animals contract
the disease within a few weeks. Signs and symptoms of brucellosis There is
no effective way to detect infected animals by symptoms of brucellosis. The
most obvious signs in pregnant animals are abortion or birth of weak calves.
Milk production may be reduced from changes in the normal lactation period.
Infected cows usually abort at once. Calves born from later pregnancies may
be weak and unhealthy due to brucellosis. Other symptoms of brucellosis
56
include an apparent lowering of fertility with poor conception rates. It is not
true that all infected cows abort. How does brucellosis spread? Brucellosis
is commonly transmitted to susceptible animals by direct contact with infected
animals. It can also be transmited through an environment that has been contaminated with discharges from infected animals. The discharges and fluids
present after an infected animal has aborted or calved have a lot of Brucella
organisms. Cows commonly lick these materials or ingest the diseasecausing
organisms with contaminated food or water. The incubation period of brucellosis in cattle and other animals is quite variable, ranging from 2 weeks to
a full year, and even longer in certain instances.
3. Answer the questions.
1. What symptoms of brusellosis do people have?
2. What symptoms of brusellosis does cattle have?
3. How does brusellosis spread?
4. Can people get brusellosis?
5. What disease is cryptosporidium infection?
6. Can people get cryptosporidium infection?
7. What symptoms do people have if they have cryptosporidium infec-
tion?
8. How do people get cryptosporidium infection?
4. Say whether these sentences are true (T) or false (F).
1. Brucellosis is an infectious disease caused by the Brucella bacteria.
2. Brucellosis is found only in countries having large populations of cattle,
goats, sheep and swine. 3. Brucellosis may spread very rapidly in a herd.
4. The disease is not transmitted through direct contact with infected animals.
5. The most obvious signs in pregnant animals are abortion or birth of weak
calves. 6. The duration of the disease can vary from a few weeks to many
months or even years. 7. All infected cows abort.
5. Translate the sentences into English.
1. Бруцеллез – острое инфекционное заболевание животных.
2. Бруцеллез распространен почти во всех странах мира и наносит большой экономический ущерб сельскому хозяйству, так как ведет к уменьшению потомства и снижению продуктивности животных. 3. Животные
разных видов могут стать резервуаром и источником инфекции.
4. У коров основным клиническим признаком бруцеллеза является аборт
57
и реже рождение нежизнеспособного приплода. 5. Источником возбудителя инфекции являются больные бруцеллезом животные. 6. В комплексе мер по профилактике бруцеллеза у животных особое место принадлежит вакцинации.
6. Read and translate the following text.
Ketosis
It is also known as acetonemia or pregnancy disease. Ketosis is a fairly
common disease among adult cattle, although usually it occurs in dairy cattle.
Ketosis typically occurs during the first six weeks of parturition. It occurs in
dairy cattle because of their inability to intake enough nutrients to meet their
energy needs. This can lead to hypoglycemia which is a pathologic state produced by a lower than normal level of glucose. That in turn leads to the formation of ketone bodies from the body and fat stores. Some typical symptoms
you may notice about your cattle if they have ketosis are a decreased appetite,
marked weight loss, decreased milk production, smell of acetone on breath,
grinding of teeth, trembling, nervousness, eventually collapse and death. For
confined cattle, decreased appetite is usually the first sign that they might have
ketosis. Also if they are fed in components such as part forage, part grain, they
will tend to go for the forage more than they will go for the grain. The treatment for ketosis in cattle is more commonly done by IV administration of 500
ml of 50% dextrose solution. Another treatment that can be used is the administration of glucocorticoids such as dexamethasone or isoflupredone acetate.
You typically administer 5–20 mg dose intramuscularly. This treatment often
has good results.
Text 13. Rabies
1. Read and memorize the active vocabulary to the text:
rabies ['reibiz] – бешенство;
anthropozoonostic ["æntrəpɒzu:'nɒstic] – антропозооностический;
neurothropical [njuə'rəθ'rɒpikəl] – нейротропный;
virus ['vairəs] – вирус;
via ['vaiə] – через;
susceptible [sə'səptəbl] – восприимчивый;
sign [sain] – признак;
contagination ["kəntegi'nei∫ən] – заражение;
tunic ['tju:nik] – оболочка;
58
paralysis [pə'rælisis] – паралич;
suffocation ["sΛfə'kei∫ən] – удушье;
husky mewing ['hΛski 'mju:] – хриплое мяуканье;
scratching ['skræt∫iŋ] – царапанье;
limb [lim] – конечность;
mooing ['mu:iŋ] – мычание;
anxiety [ænk'saiəti] – беспокойство;
bite [bait] – укус;
huperemia ['haipərəmia] – гиперемия;
excitement [ik'saitmənt] – возбуждение, волнение.
2. Read the text and underline or mark the main ideas of this text.
Rabies
Rabies is the anthropozoonostic disease with aggressive clinical behavior.
It is caused by polypathogenic neurothropical virus and transferred via the bite
with saliva of an infective patient. It is accompanied by the affection of central
nervous system, and as a rule ends with animal’s death. All warm-blooded
animals are susceptible to rabies virus. They are fox, wolf, and jackal of cats
and cattle, dogs, sheep, goats, and horses. The source of virus agents comes to
be ill animals and virus carries. The most typical signs are registered with
dogs. The first symptoms usually appear in 10–15 days after the contagination.
The animal does not react to calling, it becomes very gentle, or barks without
any reason. The appetite is perverted, the animal refuses to eat, but can hardly
swallow. Dogs have no hydrophobia; they are thirsty but cannot drink much.
The experience dysphasia and difficulty of urination excrements are watery
with odd objects inside. Salivation and sexual instincts are more intense. Depression comes after rage attacks and continues with indifference. During rage
attacks the animal can bite a stick and keep it, if in a cage it bites swigs damaging its mouth mucous tunic and breaking teeth. The animal becomes aggressive wants to escape wherever. The wandering dogs tires to bite people and
animals. The paralysis of larynx, tongue, lower jaw or pelvic is possible. The
animals die because of the suffocation caused by the paralysis of respiratory
center. The clinical behavior of other species of animals can differ. For example, cats usually have violent form followed by husky mewing, scratching other
animals and people, tries to escape. The duration of the disease is 3–6 days.
The violent form is observed with horses; they fall down and stand up, bite
59
people caring after them or other try to run away, hit against obstacles.
The paralysis starts with pelvic limbs and proceeds slowly. The disease lasts
4–6 days. The symptoms with cattle are the same as with horses.
An ill animal is very aggressive, attacks other cattle and horses, butting
or even biting them. The mooing is hoarse, loud and long. The clinical behavior of sheep and goats is practically the same. The violent forms are also observed with pigs characterized by anxiety, excitement and aggressive attitude
towards other animals and people. Rabies with birds is very rare, and is registered only in natural conditions due to a bite of an animal. Among wild animals
the wolves are affected mostly. They are extremely aggressive; they attack
animals and people even in cities. The cases of rabies with jackal, wild pig,
bear, lion and antelope are known. The cadavers of dead animal have bites and
scratches. There is congestive hyperemia of inner organs. The stomach is
empty; have some uneatable objects inside. There may be some signs catarrhal
inflammation of stomach mucous tu- 64 nic and small intestine and sometimes
of hemorrhage. The brain is edematic with cerebral hemorrhage. Diagnosis is
identified on the basis of epizootological clinical data and results of laboratory
testing. The cadaver or the head is examined in the laboratory. Brain tissue is
microscopically examination in order to discover Negri corpuscles. Dry cultural inactivated vaccine of BNIITIBP and AZVI antirabic vaccine are used
for rabies prevention and postinfectious vaccination with exception of dogs.
In 1973 World Health Organization recommended inactivated antirabic vaccine as the most adequate for rabies prevention and treatment with animals.
In our country inactivated ethanol VGNKI is used. All animals are killed, and
their cadavers are destroyed (cremated).
3. Answer the questions.
1. What disease is rabies?
2. What virus is it caused by?
3. What kinds of animals are susceptible to rabies virus?
4. What is a source of the disease?
5. How long are the animals ill?
6. How many stages of the disease do the animals have?
7. What treatment do they have?
8. What prevention and measures should be recommended?
9. What symptoms of rabies do three stages of the disease include?
60
4. Make up sentences.
1. Caused/are/nutritional/and/an/metabolic/diseases/by/unbalanced/inad-
equate/an/or/diet/supply/of/a/nutrient.
2. Mainly/around/milk/fever/is/in/a/parturition/serious/problem/the/dairy
cow.
3. Calving/milk/fever/after/soon/occurs.
4. Depression/are/the/loss/of/of/appetite/milk/recumbency/symptoms/fever.
5. Calcium/an/a/dry/important/in/low/prevention/the/ is/to/ensure/period.
6. Lactation/in/ketosis/cows/early/usually/in/occurs.
7. Signs/teeth/are/of/fall/grinding/in/of/milk/yield/ ketosis/and/the.
5. Translate the following sentences into English.
1. Инфекционные болезни отличаются от всех других болезней тем,
что они вызываются живыми возбудителями. 2. К инфекционным заболеваниям сельскохозяйственных животных относятся сибирская язва,
мастит, ящур, чума, туберкулез, бруцеллез, сальмонеллез. 3. Ящур –
острое, чрезвычайно контагиозное заболевание парнокопытных. Ящуром заболевает крупный и мелкий рогатый скот, а также свиньи. Инкубационный период болезни – от 1 до 14 дней. От ящура гибнет 20–50 %
крупного рогатого скота и до 60–80 % свиней. 4. При туберкулезе у крупного рогатого скота чаще поражаются легкие или кишечник. Лечение заболевших туберкулезом животных не производится. Больных животных
уничтожают. 5. Мастит может возникнуть у любого млекопитающего.
Он часто встречается у лошадей, овец, свиней и собак. Наибольшую проблему представляет мастит у молочного скота, поскольку он приводит
к снижению надоев.
6. Read and translate the following text.
Laminitis
Is a severe lameness of one or more feet wich affects horses, cattle, and
sheep. The signs are pain, reluctance to move, fever. Chronic laminitis may
lead to hoof malformation. Etiology is complex and confusing. Several predisposing factors are considered to have been identified: excessive consumption of grain lush grass or legumes, rapid changes in diet, excess protein in diet
relative to forage. The disease is probably caused by the change in microbial
flora in the gut and the rapid release of bacterial toxins into blood, resulting in
inflammation and the change in chemistry of the hoof. It also may be precipitated by other purulent infections leading to toxemia, e. g. metritis. Laminitis
in the horse is usually an acute problem while in the cow it is often subacute
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]