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Файл:Иностранный язык в профессиональной сфере (английский, немецкий, французский) для ветеринаров. Учебное пособие
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adult pig's system with the exception of the reproductive organs. The fetal pig
urinary track is relatively developed and easy to locate during dissection. The
kidneys are located behind the abdominal organs and are partially embedded
into the dorsal body wall by the spine. The ureters carry the urine to the urinary
bladder, the large sack-like organ by the umbilical artery and vein, to the urethra. From there, the urine can be excreted. To externally determine if the fetal
pig is a female, there will be a fleshy protrusion ventral near the anus called
the genital papilla.
Reproductive system. The female's internal reproductive system is located below the kidneys. The two sac-like organs attached to the coil-like fallopian tubes are the ovaries. The uterus, which becomes the vagina, is located
where the fallopian tubes meet. This system can be difficult to find as it is
small as well as extremely dorsal and posterior to the other systems. Male:
to externally determine if the fetal pig is male, look for the urogenital opening
located behind the umbilical cord. Also note the swelling behind the hind legs
of the fetal pig. This will be the scrotum. The male's internal reproductive system has two scrotal sacs, which depending on the age of the fetal pig may
or may not have developed testes. The epididymis coil on the testes connects
to the vas deferens. The vas deferens crosses over the ureter and enters the
urethra, which then connects to the penis located just posterior to the skin.
Similar to the female system, the male system may also be difficult to identify
all parts. If the fetal pig is indeed male, take caution to not cut very deep into
the scrotum when dissecting.
3. Answer the following questions.
1. What are cattle raised for?
2. What organs form the digestive system?
3. What are the functions of the organs of digestion?
4. Are cattle ruminants?
5. How many years does breeding stock live?
6. What peculiarities of the structure of сirculatory system do you know?
What is its function?
7. What organs form the digestive system and where are they contained?
What are the functions of the organs of digestion?
8. What is urogenital system? What are the excretory organs? What func-
tions have they got?
9. What is reproductive system? What are the reproductive organs? What
functions have they got?
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4. Translate the following words and phrases into English:
пищеварительный тракт; желчный пузырь; толстая кишка; книжка;
ткань; питательное вещество; желудок; сычуг; тонкая кишка; сетка; всасывать воду и другие вещества; пищевод; рубец; поджелудочная железа;
состоять из; самый большой из четырех компонентов; по размеру; может
попасть инфекция; переваривать; непереваренный.
5. Read and translate the following text.
Milk Components
Milk is produced in the alveolar cells of each quarter. Some of the milk
components apparently pass directly into the cell from circulating fluids,
through the wall of the capillary and the cell wall. Other milk constituents are
manufactured in the alveolar, being synthesized from certain precursors
supplied by the circulating fluids. Water, which makes up most of the weight
of milk, apparently enters the mammary tissue by simple filtration. The influence of ration on vitamin content of milk varies to the vitamin. In general,
those vitamins which are dietary essentials for the cow (A, D, E and K) are
present in milk in somewhat the proportions they are present in the feed.
In the case of vitamin A, of course, some of the potency may be presented as
the precursor, carotene. Vitamin C produced in the tissues and the B vitamins
manufactured in the rumen do not depend, of course, on the ration composition. Colostrum, the product of the mammary gland during the first few days
after calving, is especially high in protein, fat, minerals and vitamins A and C.
These high levels of critical nutrients help the young get off to a good start.
Some of the extra protein in colostrums is the form of gamma globulin, which
seems to function as a nonspecific diseasefighter. It makes a newborn animal
more resistant to diseases and infections. Colostrum also contains certain specific antibodies which further protect the nursing young.
Text 8. Bird flu
1. Read and memorize the active vocabulary to the text:
bird flu ['bə:d 'flu:] – птичий грипп;
conventional influenza [kən'ven∫nl "influ'enzə] – обычный грипп;
fever ['fi:və] – лихорадка, жар;
cough [kɒ:f] – кашель;
sore throat ['sɒ:θrɒυt] – ангина;
muscle ache ['mΛsl 'eik] – боль в мышцах;
ruffled ['rΛfld] – взъерошенный;
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feather ['feðə] – перо;
mortality [mɒ:`tæliti] – смертность;
death ['ðeθ] – смерть;
illness ['ilnis] – болезнь;
infection [in'fekə∫n] – инфекция;
migratory ['maigrətəri] – мигрирующие;
waterfowl ['wɒ:təfaul] – водяные птицы;
turkey ['tə:ki] – индейка;
geese ['gi:s] – гуси;
infected [in'fektid] – инфицированные;
dropping ['drɒpiŋ] – помет животных, навоз;
nasal secretion ['neizəl si'kri:∫ən] – выделение носовой cекреции;
domesticated [dɒmesti'keitid] – одомашнивание;
poultry ['pəυltri] – домашняя птица;
contaminated [kəntimi'neitid] – зараженный;
to inhale [in'heil] – вдыхать;
to destroy [dis'trɒi] – уничтожать;
to survive [sə:'vaiv] – выживать;
hotbed ['hɒtbed] – очаг;
outbreak ['aυt'breik] – вспышка;
to smuggle ['smΛgl] – провозить тайно;
direct bird-to-human transmission прямая передача от птицы к человеку.
2. Read the text and underline or mark the main ideas of this text.
Bird flu
In people, bird flu usually begins like conventional influenza, with fever,
cough, sore throat and muscle aches, but bird flu can lead to lifthreatening
complications. Bird flu viruses are complex, with a number of subtypes and
strains that vary considerably from one another. Among birds, the effects of
low pathogenic viruses are usually ruffled feathers or reduced egg production.
But highly pathogenic forms cause severe disease, and almost 100 percent
mortality in susceptible species. In some cases, domestic birds may die when
symptoms are appeared. Scientists dоn't yet know how these subtypes affect
humans, but highly pathogenic viruses appear causing the most serious problems – the greatest number of deaths – in both people and animals. Although
the exact incubation period for bird flu in humans isn't clear, illness is developed within one to five days. Sometimes the only indication of the disease is
a relatively mild eye infection (conjunctivitis).
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But more often, signs and symptoms of bird flu resemble those of conventional influenza, including: cough, fever, sore throat, muscle aches. Migratory waterfowl and ducks in particular carry the viruses that cause bird flu.
Often unaffected themselves, the host birds can spread the infection to susceptible species, especially domesticated chickens, turkeys and geese, resulting in
severe epidemics that kill large numbers of birds – sometimes in a single day.
Direct bird-to-human transmission works like this: infected migratory waterfowl carry bird flu viruses, shed the virus in their droppings, saliva and nasal
secretions. Domestic poultry become infected from contact with these birdsor
with contaminated water, feed or soil. They may also catch the disease by inhaling the airborne virus. Bird flu spreads quickly and lethally within a flock
and is inadvertently transported from farm to farm on tractors and other equipment, on cages, and on workers' shoes and clothing. Heat destroys the virus,
but it can survive for extended periods in cool temperatures. Open-air markets,
where eggs and birds are often sold in crowded and unsanitary conditions, are
hotbeds of infection and spread the disease into the wider community. Scientists don't think that migratory birds are carrying the virus from continent to
continent because outbreaks haven't followed traditional flyways. Instead, outbreaks seem much more likely to spread locally through «wet markets», contaminated clothing and equipment, and smuggled birds.
3. Answer the questions.
1. What symptoms of bird flu do people have?
2. What symptoms of bird flu do the birds have?
3. What birds carry the viruses that cause bird flu?
4. What birds can the host birds spread the infection to?
5. What way do infected birds shed the virus by?
6. How does domestic poultry become infected?
7. How is bird flu spread?
8. What destroys the virus?
9. What are hotbeds of infection?
10. What do scientists think about outbreaks of bird flu?
11. What treatment for bird flu do the birds have?
4. Translate the following words and phrases into Russian:
are characterized as, to appear, some animal diseases, deviation, to transmit,
influence, ability to, to reduce, a treatment plan, condition, public health, the
ecological balance of an area, to identify a disease, prevalent, are caused by,
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prevention and treatment of animal diseases, to penetrate, injury and heredity,
surroundings, lymph nodes, once the disease is identified.
5. Choose the appropriate definition.
Disorder, zoonotic disease, a vet, disease, infectious diseases, treatment,
bacteria.
1. Is an illness which affects people, animals, or plants.
2. Are caused by an agent, such as bacteria or a virus.
3. Is a problem or illness which affects a person’s or animal’s body.
4. Is someone who is qualified to treat sick or injured animals.
5. Is medical attention given to a sick or injured person or animal.
6. Are small organisms which can cause disease.
7. Can be transmitted to human beings.
6. Translate the sentances into English.
1. Наиболее частыми причинами появления незаразных болезней
животных являются: неправильное кормление, ненадлежащий уход и содержание в плохих помещениях. 2. Окружающая среда, генетика, питание могут вызвать многие болезни животных. 3. Тепловой удар происходит наиболее часто у животных, которые находятся в жарком месте,
например в солнечный день в машине. 4. Для животных представляют
опасность разнообразные ядовитые вещества, которые человек использует для уничтожения сорняков в саду. 5. Кошкам необходимо достаточное количество аминокислот. 6. Слишком большое потребление животными кальция может привести к хромоте.
7. Read and translate the following text.
Swine Flu
Swine influenza (also called swine flu, hog flu and pig flu) is an infection
of a host animal by any one of several specific types of swine influenza virus.
In 2009 the media labeled as «swine flu» flu caused by 2009’s new strain of
swine origin A/H1N1 pandemic virus just as it had earlier dubbed as «avian
flu» flu caused by the recent Asian linage HPAI (High Pathogenic Avian
Influenza) H5N1 strain that is still endemic in many wild bird species in several countries. A swine influenza virus (SIV) is any strain of the influenza
family of viruses that is usually hosted by (is endemic in) pigs. As of 2009,
the known SIV strains are the influenza C virus and the subtypes of the influenza A virus known as H1N1, H1N2, H3N1, H3N2, and H2N3. Swine flu is
common throughout pig populations worldwide. 1998 US outbreak in swine
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In 1998, swine flu was found in pigs in four U. S. states. Within a year, it had
spread through pig populations across the United States. Scientists found that
this virus had originated in pigs as a recombinant form of flu strains from birds
and human beings. Interaction with avian H5N1 in pigs Influenza strains usually infect three different species: pigs, birds and human beings. It makes pigs
a host where influenza viruses may exchange genes, producing new and dangerous strains. Avian influenza virus H3N2 is endemic in pigs in China and
has been detected in pigs in Vietnam, increasing fears of the emergence of new
variant strains. H3N2 evolved from H2N2 by antigenic shift. In August 2004,
researchers in China found H5N1 in pigs. These H5N1 infections may be quite
common: in a survey of 10 apparently 152 Английский язык для зооветери-
нарных вузов healthy pigs housed near poultry farms in West Java, where
avian flu had broken out, five pigs contained the H5N1 virus. The Indonesian
government has since found similar results in the same region. Additional tests
of 150 pigs outside the area were negative.
Text 9. Psoroptose of neat cattle
1. Read and memorize the active vocabulary to the text:
stalled keeping – стойловое содержание;
sick – больной;
to cure – лечить;
lice – вши;
to provoke irritation – раздражение;
neural – нервный, нейронный;
itch – зуд;
coetaneous [kju: 'teiniəs] – кожный;
to pierce [piəs] – прокалывать;
psoroptose [sə'rɒυptɒυz] – псороптоз;
secretion [prəυ'bɒsis] [si'kri:∫ən] – хоботок, выделение, секреция;
inflammation ["inflə'mei∫ən] – воспаление;
to bleed ['bli:d] – кровоточить;
scab ['skæb] – корка;
coagulate [kəυ'ægjuleit] – свертываться;
nidi ['naidai] – очаги;
affection [æ'fek∫ən] – поражение;
sacral bone ['seikrəl 'bɒυn] – крестец;
to lick [lik] – зализывать;
itching place ['it∫iŋ 'pleis] – зудящее место;
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piodemic ['paiədemik] – пиодермический;
focuse ['fəυkəs] – фокус;
to prediscope ['pri:diskɒυp] – предрасполагать;
large-drop [la:dʒ drɒp] – крупнокапельный;
sprinkling ['sprinkliŋ] – опрыскивание;
solution [sə'lu:∫ n] – раствор;
ointment insectide powder ['ɒintment] [in'sektisaid 'paυdə] – мазь,
дустирование;
to quarantine ['kwɒrənti:n] – подвергать карантину.
2. Read the text and underline or mark the main ideas of this text.
Psoroptose of neat cattle
Psoroptose of neat cattle is an infectious disease. The disease is clinically
revealed in herds after the establishment of stable cold spell and the arrangement of stalled keeping of cattle. The infection mostly often occurs when sick
animals contact with healthy ones. Usually the first symptoms of the disease
in herbs are revealed in animals with chronic dermatitis. Then the number of
sick animals in the herb is growing and sick animals' psoroptose process is
progressing. The disease spreads quickly among young animals (up to the age
of 2 years) than adult animals. With a warm spell, the disease is gradually
dying down and then the clinical symptoms of the disease disappear. Animals
that have got the disease and haven't been cured get ill again the next cold
period and serve as a source of the disease. Lice and vlasoedi contribute to a
great extent to development of psoroptose. Paraziting on animals' bodies, they
provoke irritation of skin neural ends and itch and make better conditions for
accustoming of ticks. Coetaneous ticks pierce epidermis with their proboscis
and secrete toxic secretion, provoke the development of inflammation process
and itch. The increase of the number of ticks contributes to a quick involving
of healthy skin parts into a pathological process. The scratched skin surface
bleeds. Mixing with hair and scabs, blood coagulates and makes big dark
scabs. Primarily, the nidi of the affection are localized at the base of horns, on
the upper part of a neck, on a sacral bone, at the root of a tail. Then process
spreads on the other parts of a body. The first clinical symptom is a skin itch.
An animal licks and scratches itching places. The itch reveals in rest and in
movement, day and night, sometimes the process is complicated with the formation of the piodermic focuses. The disease weakens animals, it makes them
predispose to other disease and it may become the cause for death. The general
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development of psoroptose of neat cattle is characterized by the duration
of the treatment. There are suggested medical and prophylactic treatments of
neat cattle. They are used with the help of the method of largedrop sprinkling
in the form of emulsions, suspensions and solutions, and by ointments and
liniments. The insecticide powder is used in cold seasons. It's obligatory to
quarantine all the new coming animals to the farm, to keep animals in accordance with veterinary-sanitary norms, to organize full highly-qualified feeding.
3. Answer the questions.
1. What kind of disease is psoroptose of neat cattle?
2. What symptoms of the disease do sick animals have?
3. How quickly does the disease spread?
4. What insects influence the development of psoroptose and how?
5. What treatment of neat cattle is used?
6. How should the sick animals be kept?
4. Complete the sentences.
1. Heatstroke, for example, occurs when an animal is forced to endure
high temperatures (без доступа к воде) during hot weather. 2. Untreated
wounds can become infected and cause (вред). 3. Pets that are allowed to roam
free outdoors (могут получить травмы). 4. (Недостаточное количество
йода) intake can cause enlargement of (щитовидной железы), in cows,
horses, and other animals. 5. (Из-за нехватки аминокислот) cats may develop eye problems. 6. Automobile antifreeze (могут представлять угрозу)
for animals.
5. Translate the sentences into English.
1. Коровы – травоядные животные, питающиеся растениями, травой
и хлебными злаками. 2. У взрослых коров (примерно к 34 месяцам) –
32 постоянных зуба, которыми они рвут и разжевывают траву. 3. Гибкие
уши коровы могут вращаться в любом направлении. 4. С помощью
длинного хвоста коровы отмахиваются от мух и других насекомых.
5. Коровы – жвачные животные с выменем и четырехкамерным желудком.
Из всосавшихся в кровь питательных веществ и воды в вымени образуется молоко. Вымя состоит из четырех отделений, соединенных с сосками. Коровье молоко выдаивается путем последовательного сжатия
сосков пальцами. 6. Рога быков образованы из аналогичного нашим ногтям материала – кератина. Они могут быть безболезненно удалены.
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6. Read and translate the following text.
Foot and mouth disease
Foot and mouth disease is characterized by high fever that declines rapidly after two or three days; blisters inside the mouth; and blisters on the feet
that may rupture and cause lameness. Adult animals may suffer weight loss
for several months as well as swelling in the testicles of mature males, and in
cows, milk production can decline significantly. Though most animals
eventually recover from FMD, the disease can lead to myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle) and death, especially in newborn animals. Some
infected animals remain asymptomatic, that is, they do not suffer from the disease; but they are carriers of FMD and can transmit it to others. 116 Англий-
ский язык для зооветеринарных вузов Infection with foot and mouth disease tends to occur locally, that is, the virus is passed on to animals through
direct contact with infected animals or with contaminated pens or vehicles
used to transport livestock. The clothes and skin of animal handlers such as
farmers, standing water, and uncooked food scraps and feed supplements containing infected animal products can harbor the virus as well. Control
measures include quarantine and export bans for meat and other animal products to countries which are not infected with the disease.
Text 10. Plague of dogs
1. Read and memorize the active vocabulary to the text:
plague ['pleig] – чума;
infectious [in'fek∫əs] – заразный;
to amaze [æ'meiz] – поражать;
cattarrhal [kə'ta:rəl] – катаральный;
mucous ['mju:kəs] – слизистый;
membrane ['membrein] – оболочка, мембрана;
eczema ['eksimə] – экзема;
infecting agent [in'fektiŋ 'eidʒənt] – возбудитель болезни;
expiration ["ekspaiə'rei∫n] – выделение;
urine ['juərin] – моча;
recovery [ri'kΛvəri] – выздоровление;
forage ['fɒridʒ] – корма;
stock [stɒk] – инвентарь;
duration [dju'rei∫n] – продолжительность;
depression [dip're∫n] – угнетенное состояние;
lowered reaction ["laυəd ri'æk∫n] – пониженная реакция;
trembling ['trembliŋ] – дрожание.
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2. Read the text and underline or mark the main ideas of this text.
Plague of dogs
The plague of dogs is an infectious disease. It amazes dogs of young age,
about one year. It is clinically shown as catarrhal inflammations of a mucous
membrane of respiratory ways, a digestive path and occurrence eczema on
a skin and very much frequently a defeat of the central nervous system.
It causes the big death rate among fallen ill dogs. The season for occurrence
and distribution of a plague of dogs has no essential value. The infecting agent
of a plague of dogs is a filtering virus opened in 1905. (Kappe). It complicates
current of a plague infection. According to practical supervision dogs with
a plague in the age of from 3 till 12 months fall ill and are in advanced age.
The virus of a plague from an organism of a sick dog is allocated together with
the expiration from nasal cavities, the eye and pollutes environment. It is possible, that the virus is allocated also with urine and stool. After recovery a dog
remains a virus carrier. It is proved; it can allocate a virus from an organism
in an environment. Secondary sources of infection can be forages, water, subjects of stock, and also places after walking a dog, polluted of feces of the sick
animals. It is considered that the virus from a place of primary introduction
will penetrate into a blood channel, together with a blood it is distributed along
an organism and in such way reaches the central nervous system. Duration of
the incubatory period at infection with a plague of dogs is 2–3 weeks. In one
case there are symptoms which defeat respiratory organs and nervous system.
At the beginning of disease depression, the general weakness, lowered reaction to external irritations, refusal of forage, from time to time trembling
(fever) are marked. The body temperature is raised. As specific means of treatment of a plague of dogs serum is applied.
3. Answer the questions.
1. What disease is the plague of dogs?
2. What symptoms of the disease do sick animals have?
3. Who opened a virus?
4. When was it opened?
5. At what age do the dogs fall ill?
6. What is a source of the disease?
7. What means of treatment is applied?
8. What should people do it they have a sick animal?
9. How long are the dogs ill?
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