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Файл:Грамматика английского языка готовимся к централизованному тестированию
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time in the kitchen. Сравните: She works in a large hospital in Minsk
(в одной из больниц).
7. перед исчисляемыми существительными в единственном
числе, обозначающими класс предметов:
– животные и растения: The dog is a friend of man. The pine
grows in northern countries.
– социальные группы: He is a hero in the eyes of the public.
– музыкальные инструменты: I am learning to play the piano.
– изобретения: When was the telephone invented? Но: _ Dyna-
mite was invented by A. Nobel (динамит – неисчисляемое существительное).
– литературные жанры: Agatha Christie was the queen of the
detective novel. Но: I like _ poetry (поэзия – неисчисляемое
существительное).
Существительные man (мужчина), woman (женщина) в родовом значении употребляются без артикля: _Man and _woman are
created equal.
8. перед прилагательными, которые утратили свое значение
признака предмета и перешли в разряд существительных (суб-
стантивированные прилагательные). Такие прилагательные
обозначают:
– определенные группы людей, объединенные каким-либо об-
щим физическим состоянием или общественным положением: The old don’t always understand the young. The government
is providing care for the sick, the aged, the unemployed and the
poor. Но: Unemployment compensation is usually paid to _un-
employed people. The unemployed people of our country receive
welfare payments from the government.
– абстрактные понятия: Sometimes it’s dicult to tell the wrong
from the right. Don’t you think that you want the impossible?
– названия национальностей: the French, the Chinese, the
British, (the) Americans, но: an American, an Englishman.
9. перед существительными, обозначающими части тела,
при условии, что такие существительные употреблены в сочетании с предлогами и описывают (физический) контакт либо болевые ощущения: He took me by the hand and looked me straight in
the eyes.
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10. перед существительными, обозначающими предметы,
единственные в своем роде
или в данной обстановке: the sun, the
moon, the earth, the world, the capital, the centre, the Queen, the President
(но: President Bush), the Prime Minister, the Marketing Director и т
.п.
11. перед существительными, обозначающими предметы
и явления, типичные для окружения любого человека и, соответственно, считающимися общеизвестными: the country, the sky,
the ground, the environment (но: nature), the weather, the weekend,
the cinema, the theatre, the radio (но: television), the government (но:
Parliament), the bank, the post office, the press, the media и т.п.
12. со словами, обозначающими тип географического ландшафта: the countryside, the forest, the mountains, the seaside, the
jungle и т.п.
Определенный артикль употребляется в ряде сочетаний
и выражений:
all the same
at the bottom
at the moment
at the top
by the way
for the sake of
from the very beginning
in the distance
in the long run
in the middle
in the night
in the original
in the past
in the rain
in the shade
in the sun
not in the least
on the increase
on the left / the right
on the move
on the one hand
on the other hand
on the run
on the safe side
on the whole
out of the blue
out of the ordinary
out of the question
the day after tomorrow
the day before yesterday
the other day
to change for the better
to do the cleaning
to lay the table
to make the bed
to pass the time
to read between the lines
to take the oor
to tell the dierence
to tell the time / the truth
under the impression
under the inuence
ОТСуТСТвИЕ АрТИКля
Артикль не употребляется в следующих случаях:
1. перед существительными во множественном числе в значении «все», «любые», «всякие»: _Women are expected to like _ba-
bies. I usually reply to _e-mails within 24 hours.
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2. перед абстрактными и вещественными существитель-
ными в общем смысле, а также при наличии перед такими существительными описательного определения: We are having _terrible
weather. I will do it with _pleasure. _Water is necessary for life.
3. перед количественными числительными: She’s been away
for _two weeks. _Three of his colleagues were present at the meeting.
Примечания:
− При наличии конкретизирующего определения количественное числительное употребляется с определенным артиклем: What are the two most important days in your life?
− Артикль не употребляется перед существительным, за которым следует количественное числительное: Open your books at
_ page 5. Passengers should proceed to _Gate Four.
Обратите внимание, что при наличии порядкового числительного употребляется определенный артикль. Сравните: The
answers are on the fth page. My son is in the fourth grade.
− В английском языке годы обозначаются количественными
числительными и употребляются без артикля: We met in _2018.
Сравните: We met in the year 2018.
− Числительные thirties, forties, seventies и т.п. в сочетании
с определенным артиклем обозначают десятилетия: The factory
was built in the nineties.
4. после словосочетаний kind of, sort of, type of, number of,
amount of, group of: What kind of _man is he? The number of _unem-
ployed is rising.
5. перед названиями наук и учебных предметов: I study _history. Но: I study the history of World War II.
6. перед названиями языков: She knows _French (the French
language) very well.
7. перед названиями видов спорта: He plays _golf twice a week.
8. перед названиями времен года, если они употреблены в абстрактном значении: _Summer is my favourite season.
Примечания:
– При наличии описательного определения (кроме слов ear-
ly и late) употребляется неопределенный артикль: It was a rainy
spring. Но: _Early autumn is always nice.
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– Конкретизирующее определение предполагает наличие
определенного артикля: It happened in the winter of 2020.
9. перед названиями приемов пищи (breakfast, lunch, dinner,
supper и т.п.): to eat _breakfast, to have something for _lunch, to be
invited to _dinner.
Но: You’d better go for a walk after a heavy dinner (описательное
определение).
My stomach started grumbling when I smelled the lunch she cooked
(имеется в виду еда, а не прием пищи).
10. перед названиями частей суток (sunrise, dawn, morning,
noon, day, daytime, afternoon, dusk, sunset, evening, night, midnight), если они обозначают время суток в общем смысле: It was
_evening when he phoned.
Примечания:
− При наличии описательного определения (кроме слов yes-
terday и tomorrow) употребляется неопределенный артикль:
I spent a sleepless night. I’ll contact you _tomorrow morning.
− В сочетании с предлогами in, during, through употребляется
определенный артикль: Owls sleep during the day and hunt in the
night.
− В выражениях с предлогами at, by, about, before, after, till
артикль отсутствует: at _ sunset, since _morning, till _midnight.
– Определенный артикль употребляется, когда из контекста
понятно, о чем идет речь, а также при наличии конкретизации:
The weather was warm on the day of my arrival.
11. Перед существительными school, college, university, prison,
church, hospital, bed, если подразумевается их использование по
прямому назначению (bed – сон, school – учеба, hospital – лечение,
prison – лишение свободы и т.д.): I left _school when I was 16. She is
in _hospital with pneumonia. It’s time to go to _bed.
Если данные существительные обозначают здание, учреждение или предмет, то они употребляются с неопределенным либо
с определенным артиклем согласно общим правилам: This is a very
prestigious university. I went to the hospital to visit my granny.
34
Артикль не употребляется в следующих
выражениях и сочетаниях:
arm in arm
at rst
at rst glance
at rst sight
at half price
at hand
at home
at last
at least
at odds
at peace
at present
at sea
at short notice
at sunrise
at sunset
at war
at work
by bus (car, tube)
by chance
by cheque
by heart
by means of
by mistake
by name
by plane
by word of mouth
close to heart
common knowledge
common sense
day after day
day by day
face to face
for ages
for example
for fun
for good
for instance
for life
for sale
from beginning to end
from cover to cover
from memory
from top to bottom
hand in hand
in (outer) space
in addition
in advance
in cash
in charge of
in comparison with
in conclusion
in connection with
in contrast to
in danger
in debt
in despair
in detail
in fact
in favour of
in honour
in person
in reality
in reply to
in secret
in seventh heaven
in sight
in time
on time
on average
on behalf of
on board (the ship)
on condition that
on credit
on demand
in demand
on re
on foot
on occasion
on purpose
on sale
on second thoughts
out of date
out of doors
out of sight
step by step
to be in trouble
to catch (lose) sight
to do research
to give cause for concern
to give permission
to give way
to go on holiday
to keep (good) time
to lose control
to lose heart
to lose touch with
to make fun of
to make money
to make progress
to make use of
to pay attention
to shake hands
to take advantage
to take care
to take rst place
to take for granted
to take notice
to take oence
to take part
to take place
to take to heart
to win rst prize
under pressure
35
Артикли с именами собственными
Название — THE Исключения
the Sun, the Moon,
планеты
стороны
света
континенты,
регионы
пустыни
горы
острова,
полуострова
океаны,
моря, озера, реки,
проливы
бухты,
водопады
страны
Venus, Mars,
(the) Earth
Africa,
(Latin) America,
(Central) Asia,
(Medieval)
Europe
вершины:
(Mount) Elbrus
отдельный
остров,
полуостров:
Sicily, Alaska
Lake Baikal,
Loch / Lough
Ness
Hudson Bay,
(the) Niagara
Falls
England
western Spain the west of Spain
the earth,
the Universe,
the Milky Way
the North,
the Southeast
полюса и полу-
шария:
the South Pole,
the North Pole,
the Arctic,
the Antarctic,
the Orient,
the Occident
the Sahara
(Desert)
горные цепи:
the Alps
группа
островов:
the British Isles
the Baikal,
the (River) Nile,
the Atlantic (Ocean),
the Suez Canal
the Bay
of Hudson
the Republic /
Union / Kingdom
/ States / Federa-
tion / Emirates:
the USA, the UK,
the Republic of
Belarus
the England of the
th
century
18
the planet (of)
from East to West
the Lake District,
the Highlands,
the North American
the Isle of Man,
the Great Salt Lake,
the Great Lakes
the Philippines,
the Netherlands,
Venus
регионы:
the Lowlands,
the Midlands,
continent
the Alaska
Peninsula
the (Persian)
Gulf
the Vatican
36
Название — THE Исключения
города
улицы,
площади,
парки
мосты
аэропорты,
вокзалы
компании,
авиалинии
городские
объекты
(театры, музеи,
дворцы и т.п.), до-
стопримечатель-
ности
магазины,
рестораны,
гостиницы
банки
учебные
заведения
международные
организации
государственные
учреждения
политические
партии
Minsk the Minsk of 1945 the Hague
Fifth Avenue,
Red Square,
Hyde Park,
Disneyland
Tower Bridge the Bridge of Sighs
Gatwick Airport
Coca Cola, Sony,
British Airways
Buckingham Palace,
London Zoo,
Covent Garden,
St.Paul’s
(название места,
тельном падеже)
London University
Cathedral
имя в притяжа-
Harrods, Foyles,
Selfridges,
McDonald’s
Barclays Bank,
Lloyds Bank
Minsk State
Linguistic
University,
NATO,
UNESCO
the Coca Cola
company
the Eiel Tower,
the British
Museum,
the White House,
he National library,
t
the Tretjakov Gallery,
the Royal Opera
House, the Kremlin
the White Tower,
the Studio Café,
the Hilton Hotel
the Bank of
England
the Belarusian
State University,
the University of
London
the United Nations
(the UN)
the Government,
the Senate,
the Kremlin,
the Supreme Court,
the Pentagon
the Democratic
Party
the High Street,
the Main Street,
the Golden Gate
the Severn Bridge,
the Forth Bridge
the London Eye,
Stonehenge,
Madame Tussauds
the World Bank,
Parliament,
the Mall,
the Arbat
Bridge,
the IMF
Congress
37
Название — THE Исключения
дни недели,
месяцы,
праздники
общественные
мероприятия
исторические
события
и периоды
имена,
фамилии
Friday,
September,
Christmas,
New Year’s Day
World War II
Mr. Brown,
Aunt Jane,
Lord Byron,
Doctor /
Professor /
Captain Lee
the Fourth
of July,
the Eighth
of March
the 2012 Olympic
Games,
the Eurovision
Song Contest,
the Cup Final,
the Minsk Summit
the French
Revolution,
the Ice Age
the Browns
(семья),
the writer Dickens
(профессия),
the Tom I told you
about
a Tuesday (один
из вторников),
a cold May,
the June of 2019
a Picasso
(произведение)
I. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа:
1. Life is not (a / an) easy game to play.
2. On (a / an) usual day, I wake up at about 7.30.
3. We’re going on (a / an) one-day excursion to the Grand Canyon.
4. The flight was delayed for (a / an) hour.
5. (A / An) ugly new building blocked the view from the window.
6. It’s such (a / an) honour to meet you.
7. The Internet is (a / an) useful source of information.
8. No one likes wearing (a / an) itchy sweater.
9. I’d like you to give me (a / an) honest answer.
10. The Spanish Bride is (a / an) historic novel written by G. Heyer.
11. I work for (a / an) 8-hundred-employee company.
12.vThe referee showed the player (a / an) yellow card.
13. The World Heritage List is (a / an) UNESCO project, in existence
since 1972.
14. You can’t buy a litre of milk for less than (a / an) euro.
15. I have (a / an) uncle who can pilot (a / an) helicopter.
38
16. Buying (a / an) iPhone is (a / an) expensive decision.
17. (An / A) university education improves your chances of getting
(an / a) job.
18. They have been renting (a / an) one-room flat for over (a / an) year.
19. From (a / an) young age, he wanted to be (a / an) Olympic medal
winner.
20. To qualify for a position as (a / an) FBI Special Agent the candidate
must be (a / an) United States citizen.
II. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа:
1. Would you like (an / –) ice-cream?
2. Sheila has (– / a) short blonde hair.
3. What time do you have to be at (an / the) airport?
4. Zelda does yoga 3 times (a / the) week.
5. She went home early because she had (– / a) bad headache.
6. Has Martin paid you back (a / the) money he owes you?
7. My new smartphone cost me (– / a) thousand dollars.
8. She wasn’t surprised; it was (an / –) old news to her.
9. Did you have (– / a) good weather on your trip?
10. Sue speaks with (an / the) American accent.
11. The house had been hit by (– / a) lightning.
12. I’ll send you (an / –) email with all the details.
13. Our conclusions are based on (– / a) scientific research.
14. The company has (– / a) reputation for being reliable.
15. I can think of (a / –) hundred reasons not to come.
16. Several experts were asked to give (an / –) evidence on the subject.
17. They were having (a / –) breakfast when I arrived.
18. The concert hall can seat (an / the) audience of 5 000 people.
19. Mrs McGregor called earlier on and left (a / the) message for you.
20. Ben can’t afford (a / the) new car so he decided to buy (a / the)
second-hand one.
III. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа:
1. This toy store regularly sells all stock at (a / the) discount of 20
percent.
2. It has been raining since (an / –) early morning.
39
3. I’ll give you (a / the) lift home if you like.
4. (The / –) Internet turned 50 in (– / the) 2019.
5. Ralh works as (a / the) foreman at (a / the) car service station in
New York.
6. Sonya has (a / –) trouble sounding (a / the) letter ‘r’.
7. Becky has (– / a) good sense of humour and (– / the) positive
personality traits.
8. This man always appears in (the / a) right place at (the / a) right
time.
9. Education is compulsory in (the / –) most countries of (the / –)
western world.
10. Anyone who has (– / an) information should contact (a / the) local
police.
11. God created (– / the) man and (– / the) woman for each other.
12. (A / The) kitchen was equipped with all (the / –) latest appliances.
13. (The / –) most amazing thing about (the / –) nature is its infinite
variety.
14. At the end of (an / the) 11th form (– / the) Belarusian students take
State Examinations.
15. Police are searching for (a / an) 11 year-old girl who has been
missing since (– / the) last Friday.
16. My boyfriend presented me (the / a) bouquet of (– / the) flowers to
congratulate me on my birthday.
17. Muhammad Ali is considered to be (the / a) greatest sports
personality of (– / the) twentieth century.
18. (The / –) jungle is the home of (the / a) tiger and (the / an) elephant.
19. (The / –) car developed (a / the) speed of 100 kilometres (an / the)
hour within 10 seconds.
20. (A / An) UFO is (a / the) mysterious object in (– / the) sky which
can’t be explained by (the / –) scientific theories.
IV. Запоните пропуски артиклями там, где это необхо-
димо:
1. When the ship reached … equator, everybody had a swim in …
ocean.
2. On the road, there must be … certain distance between … cars for
safety.
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