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Файл:Грамматика английского языка готовимся к централизованному тестированию
.pdf
Примечания:
– Сравните: the photo of your son – фотография с изображением
сына; the photo of your son’s – фотография, которую сделал сын
(она ему принадлежит);
– Сравните: She is the friend of Jack’s. She is the friend of Jack
who studies in our group.
Иногда существительное в притяжательном падеже может
употребляться самостоятельно, без определяемого слова:
когда определяемое слово опускается, чтобы избежать повтора: My room is bigger than Tessa’s (= than Tessa’s room).
когда определяемое слово обозначает учреждение, магазин или дом, где живут родственники или знакомые: the travel
agent’s (office), the hairdresser’s (parlour), the dentist’s (surgery),
the baker’s (shop), the chemist’s (shop), my aunt’s (house), Mr Jackson’s (place): She went to the chemist’s to buy some medicine for
a headache.
Значения русских падежей в английском языке передаются сочетанием существительного с предлогами:
• Pass me a glass of water. This fax is for your boss. – родитель-
ный падеж;
• Give the documents to the personnel department. – дательный
падеж;
• The contract was signed by my boss. I can’t write with this pen. –
творительный падеж.
I. Образуйте множественное число следующих существи
тельных:
office
tooth
key
cinema
chief
myth
video
watch
mouse
butterfly
photo
gentleman
thief
city
human being
PC
potato
taxi
2020
German
road map
woman-worker
commander-in-chief
runner-up
take-away
twelve-year-old
chatter-box
hand-me-down
II. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа:
1. DJ Shimza took to social media to share some (advice / advices)
with fans who want to follow in his footsteps as a DJ.
21
2. The robbers took everything; they didn’t leave a single (furniture /
piece of furniture).
3. Sorry I’m late. I had (trouble / troubles) with the car this mor-
ning.
4. The school gave Bertie the complete (work / works) of Lermontov
as a prize.
5. (Clothes / Cloths) make the man: the old saying is rather to the
point.
6. To our regret, the (content / contents) of the secret documents have
been made public.
7. Please, accept this gift as an expression of our (thank / thanks).
8. Belavia has recently bought 3 new (aircraft / aircrafts).
9. Supernatural (phenomenon / phenomena) are of great interest to
many people.
10. In Belarus summer (vacation / vacations) at universities lasts two
months.
11. Waiter! Could you bring us three (soda / sodas), please?
12. The mass (medium / media) include radio, television, newspapers,
magazines, and the Internet.
13. You’ll have to declare these items at (custom / customs) when you
land in London.
14. Nick and Leonora have asked for (a painting / painting) as
a wedding present.
15. The waiter filled Marta’s (glass / glasses) with sparkling water.
16. The (wine / wines) of Australia are now of similar quality to many
from France.
17. Mr Hicks is a millionaire and owns a lot of (business / businesses).
18. I have a great deal of (experience / experiences) in dealing with a
problem like this.
19. Jeff is dark-haired. So why has he got two blond (hair / hairs) on his
jacket?
20. Not all washing (powder / powders) are kind to your hands.
21. Mr Smith is put in charge of a steel (works / work) that is suffering
from low productivity and low output.
22. Emma’s lodgings are in Minsk, but on the (outskirt / outskirts) of
the city.
22
23. I think (billiard / billiards) is a dull game. Why are (people / per-
sons) so fond of it?
th
24. Discoveries made in (physics / physic) in the 20
century have gi-
ven us new (knowledge / knowledges) of the universe.
25. The researcher gathered numerous facts through (monthes / months)
of investigation. He used the (datum / data) he had collected to
write a report for a scientific journal.
III. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа:
1. Most of the clothes on sale (don’t / doesn’t) appeal to me.
2. A serious problem in our garden (is / are) insects.
3. A number of refugees (have / has) been turned back at the border.
4. The police (is / are) well prepared in case there is a riot.
5. Eight hours of sound sleep (enable / enables) you to be alert the
whole day.
6. The majority of the strikers (wants / want) to return to work.
7. Japanese (is / are) very difficult for English speakers to learn.
8. Whisky and soda (is / are) his favourite drink.
9. How many states in the United States (begin / begins) with the letter
‘A’?
10. One of the chief materials in bones and teeth (is / are) calcium.
11. The Philippines (consist / consists) of more than 7000 islands.
12. They say that money (is / are) not the key to happiness.
13. The team (is / are) all training hard for the coming match.
14. The good news (is / are) that we are getting the budget deficit under
control.
15. Headquarters of many international organizations (was / were)
visited by our team last year.
16. At present 10000 kilometres (is / are) the longest walking
competition held in the Olympics.
17. Physics (seeks / seek) to understand the mysteries of the physical
world.
18. Our son thinks there (is / are) a number of good reasons for staying
up late.
19. The United States (has / have) a population of around 315 million
people.
20. At least three-quarters of that book on famous Americans (is / are)
about people who lived in the 19
th
century.
23
21. My family (live / lives) in different parts of the world.
22. Every girl and boy (is / are) required to have certain immunizations
before enrolling in public school.
23. We must decide which criteria (is / are) most important in choosing
the best candidate for this position.
24. Men (become / becomes) more competitive when there (is / are)
women around.
25. This exercise on singular-plural agreement of subjects and verbs (is
/ are) not very easy.
IV. Выберите один из предложенных вариантов ответа:
1. … house has been put up for sale for $100,000.
a) Sally’s and Ben c) Sally and Ben’s
b) Sally’s and Ben’s d) Sally and Ben
2. It was my … idea to move house.
a) father’s-in-law c) father’s-in-law’s
b) father-in-law d) father-in-law’s
3. This term the class will be reading … collection of short stories.
a) Jack London’s c) Jack London
b) Jack’s London’s d) Jack’s London
4. Her glamorous outt may cost more than my … salary.
a) two-months c) two-month
b) two month’s d) two-months’
5. Mike took … jacket instead of his own.
a) someone else c) someone else’s
b) someone’s else d) someone’s else’s
6. I’ve just happened to nd a … note in my pocket.
a) ten-dollar c) ten-dollars’
b) ten dollars’ d) ten-dollar’s
7. ... behavior at the farewell party greatly surprised all teachers.
a) Martin and Clark c) Martin and Clark’s
b) Martin’s and Clark’s d) Martin’s and Clark
8. The … wife was wearing a plain white dress with a string of pearls.
a) governor-general c) governor’s-general
b) governor-general’s d) governor’s-general’s
24
9. It wasn’t a serious accident, but both the drivers took … insurance
policies.
a) each other’s c) each’s other’s
b) each other d) each’s other
10. I have … experience of working in an IT company.
a) ten-years’ c) ten years’
b) ten-year’s d) ten-years
V. Поставьте притяжательный падеж (’ или ’s) там,
где это необходимо:
1. These are my brothers-in-law favorite computer games.
2. Amelia hasn’t been to the doctor since last year.
3. They usually spend their holidays at their aunt Daisy summer
cottage.
4. What is the Thomsons flat number?
5. The women restroom line is always longer than the men.
6. Samuel never pays attention to his parents advice.
7. She stopped off at the butcher for a piece of steak.
8. During Queen Victoria reign the Royal Family was a model of
family life.
9. Scientists estimate that the majority of all the world plant and
animal species live in tropical forests.
10. The inspector looked carefully at the passengers tickets.
11. What’s the Chief Executive wife name?
12. Seven young magicians contested in the last Sunday event.
13. There were a lot of grammar mistakes in Nick and John essays.
14. It’s so irritating how Irene always tries to finish people sentences
for them.
15. There’s no doubt that she can produce work that is equal to anyone
else in her class.
VI. В каждом предложении найдите и исправьте ошибку:
1. Very little of his money were left after the taxes had been paid.
2. Victor’s shop specializes in childrens’ clothes.
3. The number of applicants taking entrance exams are increasing
with each year.
25
4. Imagine my shock when I opened my bag and found out it was
someone’s else!
5. My husband is so choosy and it takes hours to find the clothes that
suits him.
6. The student’s results were published on the school website because
they all had done really well.
7. In a modern multicultural society everyone must learn to respect
each others’ traditions.
8. Two hundred euros are too much to pay for an hour’s consultation.
9. My two-years-old sister can only say a few words.
10. It was such a surprising victory that even Boltons’ fans couldn’t
believe it.
11. Joan couldn’t tolerate her neighbours’ loud music at night, so she
reported him to the police.
12. All the interviewees who successfully passed the test was invited to
Office Five.
13. There was a three-hours delay to their flight.
14. The police in this area makes more arrests than officers do in other
parts of the country.
15. Billiards are a game played on a cloth-covered table in which balls
are hit with a cue.
16. I remember how uncomfortable I felt in the dress that I’d bought for
my brothers’ wedding.
17. The majority of hotels in Turkey are of a high standard and offers a
huge range of facilities.
18. Several thousand people were made homeless by yesterday
hurricane.
19. The reporter asked the airline’s spokesman if there were any other
news about the crash of the plane.
20. I’ve lent her three thousand dollars but it seems to me that she isn’t
going to pay them back.
26
2. АрТИКлИ
НЕОПрЕДЕлЕННыЙ АрТИКль – A/AN
Неопределенный артикль имеет две формы, как в написании,
так и в произношении:
A [ə] – ставится перед согласными звуками: a lamp, a computer.
An [ən] – ставится перед гласными звуками: an answer, an idea.
Выбор той или иной формы артикля определяется произношением слова, а не его орфографией:
– форма а употребляется перед словами, которые начинаются с согласного звука в речи, даже если они начинаются с гласной буквы в написании: a year [jɪə], a European [ˌjʊərəˈpiːən],
a one-way [ˌwʌnˈweɪ] street.
– форма an употребляется перед словами, которые начинаются
с гласного звука в речи, даже если они начинаются с coгласной
буквы в написании: an SMS [ˌes əm ˈes], an X-ray [ˈeks reɪ].
Примечания:
– Перед словами, начинающимися с буквы u, употребляется артикль а, когда u читается как [ju:], поскольку первый звук
в таких словах является согласным, например: a user, a university.
Артикль an употребляется, когда u читается как [ʌ], например:
an umbrella, an uncle.
– Перед словами, начинающимися с буквы h, употребляется артикль an, когда h не читается, поскольку первый звук в таких словах является гласным, например: an hour, an honest man.
Артикль а употребляется, когда h читается, например: a hotel,
a house.
Неопределенный артикль употребляется перед нарицательными исчисляемыми существительными в единственном числе в следующих случаях:
1. в значении «один из», «какой-то», «любой»: There is a letter
on the table. Shall we choose a book from this catalogue?
27
2. в значении «один», «еще один»: Wait a minute, please. He
took a second sandwich.
3. вместо числительного «один»: a million dollars; 1/3 = a third;
5p a kilo, 4 times a day, 1.5 hours = one and a half hours, an hour and
a half; 0.5 hour = half an hour.
4. если предмет упоминается впервые: I sent you an e-mail yes-
terday.
5. Неопределенный артикль употребляется с существитель-
ным, имеющим при себе описательное определение: We have
bought a very nice house. A letter which is written in pencil is difficult
to read.
Примечания:
– Сочетание «of + существительное» может иметь раз ные
значения и выполнять функции как описательного, так и конкретизирующего определения. Сочетание «of + существительное»
является описательным определением, когда допускается существование нескольких предметов такого вида: a box of matches, а
crowd of people, a cup of tea, a game of tennis, a sense of humour и т.д.
Сравните: the foot of the mountain, the city of New York, the head
of the department («of + существительное» указывает на единичность предмета).
– C абстрактными существительными depth, distance, height,
increase, period, population, speed, temperature и т.п. употребляется неопределенный артикль, если за ними следуют предлог of +
числительное + существительное: a depth of two metres, a fine of
3 dollars, a period of ten days.
6. в приложении, если не подчеркивается известность лица
или предмета, к которому оно относится: Mary Thomson, a student
of the University, spoke at the meeting.
7. перед словами, обозначающими профессию, род занятий:
My brother is a taxi driver. Но: He was appointed / elected / chosen _
director.
8. со словами, обозначающими эмоции и умственную дея-
тельность (understanding, distrust, education, relief, pity, shame,
28
wonder, knowledge, help и т.п.), если значение этих слов какимлибо образом ограничивается и уточняется: What a relief! What a
pity! What a shame! My parents wanted me to have a good education.
She has a love of music. He has a first-class knowledge of British law.
9. перед вещественным существительным, если оно указывает на сорт, разновидность чего-либо или обозначает определенное количество, порцию: Parmesan cheese is a very good cheese.
Will you buy me a cocktail?
10. после слов what, such, quite, rather: She is quite an inexperi-
enced secretary. This is rather an (a rather) interesting article.
11. в сочетаниях с глаголами to have, to take, to give:
to have a cold
to have a try
to have a look
Но: to have (great) fun, to have breakfast / lunch / dinner / supper,
to have success, to have trouble, to take care, to take part, to take place,
to give permission, to give way.
Неопределенный артикль употребляется
в ряде сочетаний и выражений:
to have a good time
to have a headache
to have a reputation
to take a shower
to take a seat
to take a risk
to give a call
to give a hand
to give a lift
all of a sudden
as a matter of fact
as a result
as a rule
at / from a distance
at a glance
at a loss
at a prot
at a time
for a long time
for a while
in a fury
in a good mood
in a hurry
in a low / loud voice
in a whisper
it is a pity
on a large scale
to a certain degree
to be a success
to catch a glimpse
to do a favour
to t like a glove
to go for a walk / a swim
to make a date
to make a mistake
to make a speech
to make a start
to make an appointment
to make an impression
to play a trick
to tell a joke
to tell a lie
29
ОПрЕДЕлЕННыЙ АрТИКль – THE
Определенный артикль употребляется с существительными
в единственном и множественном числе, в следующих случаях:
1. когда из ситуации или контекста понятно, о чем идет речь,
какое именно лицо или предмет имеется в виду: Where is the key?
Did you like the play? Let’s discuss the news.
2. когда перед существительным стоит:
st
– порядковое числительное: We live in the 21
The phone rang a third time (еще один раз).
– прилагательное в превосходной степени: Minsk is the larg-
est city in Belarus.
– прилагательное same, left, right, wrong, only, very, next,
last, present, opposite, following, main, central, necessary,
whole: English is the main language in the world. Но: _last
year, _next week, _next door, an only child in the family.
– one of, some of, many of, each of: I’ve read some of the mes-
sages.
3. при наличии конкретизирующего определения: This is
the man I told you about. Did you see the contracts we signed yesterday? The house at the end of the street is for sale.
4. при повторном упоминании лица, предмета или явления:
There is a bedroom and a living room. The bedroom is quite large.
5. в приложении, если подчеркивается известность лица,
к которому оно относится: Charles Dickens, the great English no-
velist, was born in 1812.
century. Но:
Примечание:
Если в приложении речь идет о должности, которую в данной
ситуации может занимать только один человек, артикль не употребляется: Donald Trump, _President of the USA, has just made a state-
ment. (Президент США – должность, которая может быть занята
только одним человеком.)
6. перед существительными в функции обстоятельства места,
если не подчеркивается значение “один из”: Mum spends a lot of
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