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Файл:Английский язык (дистанционное обучение) лингвометодическое обеспечение формирования навыков самостоятельной работы. Учебное пособие
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the location is picked to spud in a new well, it is time for the drilling crew
to move in.
(3) The boss of the drilling crew is a rig manager. The man who is in
charge of the drilling operation is a driller. Other members of the crew are
assistant driller, derrickman, motor man, and mudlogger. Roughnecks and
roustabouts also work with the crew. They do hard physical work on the rig.
(4) Some of the workers in the recovery phase of the oil industry are
switchers, gaugers and well-pullers. Switcher is in charge of directing oil
into field storage tanks. Gauger takes readings, which indicate the pressure
and the amount of oil flowing from the well. Well-puller operates pulling
rig to do different types of workover operations.
(5) Oil transportation also involves different kinds of jobs. To operate
properly a pipeline must be maintained by men who work on the pumping
stations and by the line walkers, who patrol the line to find any indications
of breaks or other damage to the line.
(6) In a refinery there are stillmen, who are in charge of the distilling
process; purification operators, who control the equipment that separates
different vapors resulting from distillation; treaters, who are in charge of
removing impurities; and safety inspectors, whose many duties include
making tests to assure that dangerous levels of gas are not present at any
point in the refining process.
(7) These are only some of the specialized jobs that are available in
the oil industry. They are often dangerous but they also offer adventure
and high pay to the young men who go into them.
Задание 3. Ответьте на вопросы (1–4), выбрав правильный вариант
(a–e). Один вариант ответа лишний.
Вопросы:
1. What are the main phases of the oil industry?
2. What are the members of the drilling crew?
3. What are the workers of oil recovery?
4. What do jobs in the petroleum industry offer to young people?
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Ответы:
a) adventure and high pay
b) driller, assistant driller, motor man, mudlogger, roughnecks
c) prospecting, drilling, recovery, transportation, refining
d) switcher, gauger, well-puller
e) pumper, line walker
Задание 4. Закончите предложение, выбрав правильный вариант:
1. Oil industry starts with … .
a) oil recovery;
b) oil transportation;
c) oil prospecting.
2. Who is in charge of the drilling process … .
a) a rig manager;
b) a driller;
c) a roughneck.
3. A pulling rig is a machinery for … .
a) drilling wells;
b) doing workover operations;
c) refining oil.
4. Pumpers and line walkers … .
a) do hard physical work on the rig;
b) maintain the proper work of the pipeline;
c) control the amount of oil flowing from the well.
Текст В
(для студентов электротехнического факультета)
Задание 1. Соотнесите английские слова и словосочетания (1–8) с их
русскими эквивалентами (a–h).
103
1) protection device
2) carrying capacity
3) current flow
4) cartridge fuse
5) fuse box
6) metal alloy link
7) short-circuit
8) plug fuse
a) распределительный шкаф
для предохранителей
b) вставка из металлического сплава
c) защитное устройство
d) короткое замыкание
e) патронный предохранитель
f) пробковый предохранитель
g) протекание электрического тока
h) пропускная способность
Задание 2. Прочитайте текст и найдите абзац, где говорится о раз-
личных типах предохранителя.
FUSES
(1) A fuse is a protection device which has to be put in every circuit
where there is a danger of overloading the line. If there were no fuse in the
circuit, a short-circuit or overload would cause more current to flow than
the carrying capacity of the wire. This could lead to the wire becoming hot
and setting fire to the insulation.
(2) All fuses have a number stamped on them showing the carrying
capacity in amperes. The current flow being greater than the carrying
capacity of the fuse, the fuse melts, or “blows”, resulting in an open
circuit.
(3) In all fuses, there is a metal alloy link to prevent a spark or flash
when the fuse blows. If there were no metal alloy, the fuse would cause
a fire when blowing. In other words, fuses do not cause a fire provided the
metal alloy links are enclosed in the fuses.
(4) There are two general types of fuses. One is the plug fuse, which is
the most common household type, ranging from 5 to 30 amperes, and may
be removed easily from the fuse block. The other is the cartridge fuse. It is
used in 220 volt systems to carry the load as high as 30 amperes.
104
(5) If a fuse “blows”, it indicates trouble. For example, insulation
having worn off, the bare wires inside the appliance come together and
a short occurs. A fuse may also “blow”, because too many appliances have
been connected at one time.
(6) The thing to do is to remove the cause of the overload. To take care
of the fuse it is necessary to go to the fuse box and determine which fuse
has blown. If the fuse link is broken, unscrew the fuse and replace it with
a good fuse of the same size and amperage. Do not put in a fuse of greater
capacity.
Задание 3. Ответьте на вопросы (1–4), выбрав правильный вариант
(a–e). Один вариант ответа лишний.
Вопросы:
1. What is a fuse used for?
2. When does overload or a short circuit occur?
3. What are all fuses provided with?
4. What does a metal alloy link used for?
Ответы:
a) a metal alloy link
b) to prevent a spark or flash when the fuse blows
c) to protect electrical circuits against overloading and short circuit
d) if the current flow is greater than the carrying capacity of the wire
e) to cause more current to flow
Задание 4. Закончите предложение, выбрав правильный вариант:
1. A fuse is a device used … .
a) to increase voltage in the electrical circuit;
b) to protect electrical wire against fire;
c) to remove the cause of the overload.
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2. A number stamped on a fuse indicates … .
1) market share
2) vending machines
3) “on-premise” market
4) cold-bottle segments
5) sales growth
6) major selling point
7) soft drink industry
8) less of a bargain
9) cheap imitation
10) cover costs
a) индустрия безалкогольных напитков
b) доля рынка
c) главное преимущество при продаже
d) сегменты по продаже охлажденных
напитков
e) рост товарооборота, объем продаж
f) дешёвое подражание
g) покрывать расходы
h) торговые автоматы
i) «распивочный» рынок
j) уменьшение торговых сделок
a) the carrying capacity of the wire;
b) the minimal voltage of the current flow;
c) the usual voltage of the current flow.
3. If a fuse blows it may indicate that … .
a) there was overload in the circuit;
b) there is no voltage in the electric line;
c) it was of greater capacity.
4. The fuse would cause a fire when blowing if … .
a) there were no metal alloy link;
b) the fuse link were broken;
c) insulation had worn out.
(для студентов инженерно-экономического факультета)
Задание 1. Соотнесите английские слова и словосочетания (1–10)
с их русскими эквивалентами (a–j).
Текст С
106
Задание 2. Прочитайте текст и найдите абзац, где говорится о том,
почему продажи Pepsi-Cola, по сравнению с Coca-Cola, упали после II
мировой войны.
PEPSI-COLA AGAINST COCA-COLA
(1) Before World War II Coca-Cola took the first place in the
American soft drink industry. At that time Pepsi-Cola was a newer drink.
It cost less in manufacturing, with its taste being worse than Coke’s. The
major selling point of Pepsi was more drink for the same price. Its plain
bottle carried a paper label that often got dirty in transit, and it added to the
impression that it was a second class soft drink.
(2) During WW II Pepsi and Cola increased sales as they were carried
to different countries by the soldiers of the US Army. After the war Pepsi’s
sales started to fall relative to Coke’s. Poor image, poor taste, poor
packaging and poor quality control were the main problems of Pepsi.
(3) At this point Alfred N. Steele became the President of Pepsi-Cola
with a great reputation for merchandising. He and his staff recognized that
the main hope was in transforming Pepsi from a cheap imitation of Coke
to a first-class soft drink. They recognized that this would take them
several years, and they decided to realize their plans within 2 phases.
(4) In the first phase, from 1950 to 1955, Pepsi’s taste was improved,
the bottles and other corporate symbols were redesigned and unified. The
advertising campaign was redesigned to upgrade Pepsi’s image, and
A. N. Steele signed out twenty-five cities for a special push for market share.
(5) In 1955 Steele and his people were ready for the next phase. It
included a direct attack on Coke’s “on-premise” market, particularly
vending machines and cold-bottle segments, which were growing very
fast. They introduced new-size bottles that offered convenience to
customers. Finally, Pepsi offered to finance its bottlers, who wanted to buy
and install Pepsi vending machines. These actions in 1960s led to
considerable sales growth for Pepsi. Now the company is known to take
one of the leading positions in a soft-drink market.
107
Задание 3. Ответьте на вопросы (1–4), выбрав правильный вариант
(a–e). Один вариант ответа лишний.
Вопросы:
1. What was the first-class soft drink in the USA in 1940s?
2. What kind of drink was Pepsi before 1955?
3. What did the first phase of Pepsi improvement include?
4. What did the second phase of Pepsi improvement include?
Ответы:
a) Pepsi-Cola
b) a soft drink with poor image, poor taste, and poor quality control
c) Coca-Cola
d) installation of vending machines and cold-bottle segments
e) taste, quality control, bottles redesign and advertisement
Задание 4. Закончите предложение, выбрав правильный вариант.
1. Before World War II Pepsi-Cola … .
a) took the first place in the USA soft drink industry;
b) was a cheap imitation of Coke;
c) cost more in manufacturing than Coca-Cola.
2. Up to 1950 Pepsi major selling point was … .
a) better quality for the same price;
b) lower price for higher quality;
c) more drink for the same price.
3. After World War II the sales of Pepsi … .
a) began to grow very fast;
b) began to fall;
c) were as high as Coke’s sales.
4. Transformation of Pepsi to a first-class soft drink began with … .
a) a direct attack on Coke’s ‘on premise’ market;
b) taste improvement and bottle’s redesign;
c) installation of vending machines in 25 cities of the USA.
108
ПРИЛОЖЕНИЯ
Приложение 1
SUPPLEMENTARY READING
Задание 1. Прочитайте текст, найдите все случаи употребления
видовременных форм глагола (“Tenses”).
Environmental Engineering
Ever since people first recognized that their health and well-being
were related to the quality of their environment, they have applied
thoughtful principles to improve the quality of their environment. The
Romans constructed aqueducts to prevent drought and to create a clean,
healthful water supply for the cities. In the 15th century, Bavaria created
laws that restricted the development and degradation of alpine country that
constituted the region’s water supply.
Environmental engineering appeared as a separate environmental
discipline during the middle of the 20th century in response to widespread
public concern about pollution of the environment. Modem environmental
engineering began in London when Joseph Bazalgette was designing the
first major sewerage system that reduced the waterborne diseases such as
cholera. The introduction of drinking water treatment and sewage
treatment in industrialized countries made waterborne diseases very rare.
In many cases, as human civilization developed, actions that were to
achieve benefits for people had damaged environment. One example is the
application of DDT1 to control agricultural pests after World War II. The
agricultural benefits were outstanding; crop yields increased and
considerably reduced world hunger. But due to the impact of DDT
numerous species became extinct. The story of DDT is considered the
birth of the modem environmental movement and the development of the
modem field of “environmental engineering”.
Environmental engineering is applying science and engineering
principles to the environment. The main task of environmental engineering
109
is to protect and preserve the environment and thus to protect human
health. Environmental engineering also tries to make use of energy more
efficient and to find new forms of energy. Besides, it tries to convert
people to environmentally friendly energy and products.
Environmental engineering involves water and air pollution control,
recycling, waste disposal as well as knowledge of environmental
engineering law. It also includes studies on the environmental impact of
different construction projects.
Environmental engineers are developing solutions to environmental
problems. They are concerned with local and worldwide environmental
issues. Acid rain, global warming, automobile emissions, and ozone
depletion are being studied in order to minimize their negative effects.
Environmental engineers deal with water and air pollution control,
recycling, waste disposal, and public health issues. They design municipal
water supply and industrial wastewater treatment systems.
Задание 2. Прочитайте текст, найдите все случаи употребления
модальных глаголов (“Modal Verbs”) и степеней сравнения прилагательных (“Comparison of Adjectives”).
Ecological Crisis
Generally, an ecological crisis occurs when the environment of
a species or a population becomes unfavourable for the life of that species.
It may happen when the environment quality becomes worse after
a change in ecological factors (for example, an increase of temperature,
less significant rainfalls). Overpopulation or poaching can cause ecological
crisis too.
Ecological crises may be more or less brutal (take a few months or
a few million years). They may relate to one unique species or to many
species. Also an ecological crisis may be local (as an oil spill) or global
(a rise in the sea level due to global warming).
110
According to its degree of endemism, a local crisis will have more or
less significant consequences, from the death of many individuals to the
total extinction of a species. Whatever its origin, disappearance of one or
several species often will involve a rupture in the food chain, further
impacting the survival of other species.
In the case of a global crisis, the consequences can be much more
significant; some extinction events showed the disappearance of more than
90% of existing species at that time. However, it should be noted that the
disappearance of certain species, such as the dinosaurs, allowed the
development and the diversification of the mammals. An ecological crisis
thus paradoxically favoured biodiversity.
Sometimes an ecological crisis can be a reversible phenomenon at the
ecosystem scale. But more generally, the crisis impact will last. If an
ecological crisis can cause extinction, it can also reduce the quality of life
of the remaining individuals. Epidemic diseases, famines, reduction of air
quality, food crises, reduction of living space, accumulation of toxic or
non-degradable wastes, threats to keystone species (great apes, panda,
whales) are influencing the well-being of people.
During the past decades, the increasing responsibility of humanity in
some ecological crises has been clearly observed. Due to the development
of technology and a rapidly increasing population, humans have great
influence on their own environment.
Задание 3. Прочитайте текст, найдите все случаи употребления
герундия (“Gerund”) и страдательного залога (“Passive Voice”).
History of computers
Let us take a look at the history of the computers that we know today.
The very first calculating device used was the ten fingers of a man’s hands.
This, in fact, is why today we still count in tens and multiples of tens. Then
the abacus was invented, a bead frame in which the beads are moved from
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