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Файл:English for students of environmental design. Учебное пособие
.pdf
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8.2.3 Interview your groupmates. Use the words provided below to ask
questions with the Present Perfect tense. Then follow-up with another question using
the Past Simple tense.
Ex. (ever/see/ the Eiffel Tower)
Have you ever seen the Eiffel Tower? Yes, I have.
When did you see it? I saw it two years ago.
1. (planted plants, trees or shrubs/ recently)
2. (ever/ keep the budget under control)
3. (receive/ a gift/ in the past week)
4. (read/ a book about design this month)
5. (wear/ glasses/ for more than ten years)
6. (ever/ hire a landscape consultant)
7. (ever/ design the layout of your garden
8. (ever/ purchase user-friendly software programs)
9. (ever/ tested landscape design software programs)
10. (ever/ train in the use of some software)
11. (ever/ define a mapped site for the yard)
12. (live in this city/ for more than five years)
8.3 Reading comprehension
8.3.1 Answer the questions.
1. What is the reason to hire a landscape consultant? Why don’t the majority of
people use the service of a landscape consultant?
2. What problems does the design software program help to avoid?
3. Are design software programs complex and require a good knowledge of their
operation?
4. Is it hard to find and purchase user-friendly design software programs?
5. What options should this program have?
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6 What is a “shadow caster”?
7. Are old versions of software packages regularly updated?
8. Does this program have a trial offer?
9. What aspects doesn’t this program fail to calculate?
10. What problems should be taken into consideration while choosing the trees for
your design?
8.3.2 Find the most important sentence in each paragraph.
8.3.3 Compose a mind map of the text.
8.3.4 Based on the text compile a list of pros and cons of the design software
program. Add some points from other resources.
8.4 Listening
8.4.1 Pre-listening task: translate the following words and phrases.
Visual impact, digital camera, photo editing tools, to sharpen original image, to
remove old landscape, clone tool, to accommodate to, distortion, mask tool,
preloaded texture, mulch, grass, paver, thumbnail libraries, to slide smth onto, to
drag the corner, desired size, keyboard shortcuts, scoops, texture tool, perspective
haver
8.4.2 Do you know the terms represented in the previous exercise? Comment
on their function in design software programs.
8.4.3 Watch the video “EARTHSCAPES landscape and garden design
software” (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zXJu6IlyTKY&t=44s) and be ready
to complete the tasks.
8.4.4 Answer the following questions.
1. What editing tools are used to sharpen the original image to start the designing
stage?
2. What tool is used to outline the area you are going to fill?
3. What tool is used to copy a plan or object?
4. What is the function of the texture tool?
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5. What are the advantages of the program from the video?
8.4.5 Put down a detailed retelling of the video using the vocabulary of the
lesson.
8.4.6 Choose another design software program and speak about its
functionality using the vocabulary of the lesson.
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9 Unit 9 Horticulture
Text
Horticulture
The history and evolution of horticulture is intimately connected to the history
and development of agriculture. As such, horticulture is part of the story of
humanity’s desire to gain control over nature. This story encompasses exploration,
conquest, experimentation, innovation and globalization. This is such a huge story
that many aspects, such as the fascinating history and development of landscape
design, the huge popularity of leisure-time home gardening and of the introduction
of various plants – economic and ornamental – into different areas of the world, can
only be touched on.
Horticulture [Latin: hortus (garden) + cultura (culture)] is defined as the art
and science of growing fruits, vegetables, herbs, nuts and ornamental plants (trees,
shrubs, flowering plants and turf). The separation of horticulture from agriculture as
a distinct activity is usually dated from the Middle Ages in Europe. Although
horticulture and agriculture have many practices in common (weeding, fertilizing,
watering, etc.), horticulture is distinguished from agriculture by its specialized
practices, for example, grafting, and by the smaller scale of its operations.
Horticulture can be divided into three main sectors: fruit growing (pomology);
market gardening (vegetables and herbs) and ornamentals cultivation (flowers,
shrubs, trees). The cultivation of ornamental plants, which some call floriculture and
landscape horticulture, can be further divided, for example, into arboriculture
(woody plants) and floristry. Nut cultivation (used to produce oils, fats and
ornaments) and grape growing (viticulture) are smaller horticultural divisions.
Prehistoric humans were originally nomadic hunter-gathers who followed the
migration of animals and the ripening of foods, such as berries, in order to feed
themselves. The Neolithic Age was a watershed time for the development of
agriculture and horticulture. Scholars have found evidence that hunter-gatherers,
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about 20,000 years ago, had begun the slow trial-and-error process of domesticating
wild plants and animals. Over thousands of years, our ancestors changed their life
style from nomadic food collection to settled food production. Agriculture requires
staying in one place to oversee cultivation, harvest and storage. As well, growing
fruit is a long-term process that necessitates year-round care.
The earliest agricultural/horticultural tools also date from the Neolithic Age.
Around 40,000 BCE, our gardening ancestors were already using bone digging
sticks, the precursor of the shovel, to dig in soft soils, and the pick-like mattock, to
break up hard soil. The stone hoe was seen as early as the 5th millennium BCE. The
plow, developed in the Near East, was a later invention and is dated between 5000
and 4800 BCE. Metal implements made of bronze were first used, with the discovery
of iron, by 1100 BCE in Mycenae, and wrought iron implements were known by
1200 BCE in the Near East. Agriculture and horticulture continued to evolve
together in a trial-and-error manner up into the Middle Ages. Plants and crops were
observed to see which would survive and under what conditions. Weeds were
identified, as were pests and diseases. Treatments ranged from sacrificing animals
to ward off disease and pestilence to handpicking noxious insects off plants. All
labor was done by hand or with the help of animal power. In many cultures, women
were the main garden cultivators, while men usually worked in the fields. In many
countries today, women continue to hold this role.
9.1 Vocabulary exercises
9.1.1 Transcribe and translate the following words.
Arboriculture, experimentation, exploration, fertilizing, floriculture, floristry,
grafting, horticulture, mattock, Mycenae, noxious, pestilence, pomology, precursor,
ripening, viticulture.
9.1.2 Find in the text words the definitions of which are represented there.
1. a branch of botany that studies fruit and its cultivation;
2. a hand tool used for digging, prying, and chopping;
3. a piece cut from a living plant and fixed to another plant so that it grows there;
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4. any very serious infectious disease that spreads quickly and kills large numbers
of people;
5. something that happened or existed before another thing, especially if it either
developed into it or had an influence on it;
6. the activity of searching and finding out about something;
7. the cultivation, management, and study of individual trees, shrubs, vines, and
other perennial woody plants;
8. the general term used to describe the professional floral trade;
9. the process of trying methods, activities, etc. to discover what effect they have;
10. the growing of flowers as a business;
11. the growing of grapes, or the science or study of this;
12. the study or activity of growing garden plants;
13. to spread a natural or chemical substance on land or plants, in order to make the
plants grow well.
9.1.3 Match words from 2 columns to form phrases from the text, find
sentences in which they were used.
1. hunter
2. nomadic
3. soft
4. trial-and-error
5. pests and
6. sacrificing
7. ward off
8. ornamentals
9. horticultural
10. Neolithic
11. garden
a. gatherer
b. food
c. soils
d. manner
e. diseases
f. animals
g. disease
h. cultivation
i. tools
j. Age
k. cultivators
9.1.4 Make your own sentences with the phrases from exercise 9.1.3.
9.1.5 Translate the following sentences using the vocabulary list of the text.
1. Это заточенная мотыга, ею роют канавки и обрезают корни.
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2. Возможно, эпидемия, природный катаклизм или резкое изменение климата
вызвали демографический спад.
3. Преподает дисциплины: «Лесозаготовки», «Агро пейзажи», «Помология»,
«Современные биотехнологии в промышленности».
4. Одним словом, в отличие от своего предшественника, новый сайт выглядит
как достойная интернет-платформа.
5. Музей вина отеля отдает дань уважения виноградарству и виноделию.
6. Выяснилось, что переход от охотников-собирателей к земледельцам,
который начался 13000 лет назад, занимает центральное место в наших
современных стоматологических проблемах.
7. Кроме того, большинство традиционных кочевых продуктов, таких как
сушеный йогурт и тому подобное, также требуют акклиматизации к молоку.
8. Хотя её конечности не приспособлены к роющим действиям, иногда
саламандра самостоятельно роет норы в мягком грунте.
9. На ранних стадиях, человеческие технологии и знания развивались
посредством метода проб и ошибок, что также было препятствием для
ускорения прогресса.
10. Так удается избежать появления слабых растений, более уязвимых
для вредителей и болезней.
11. Я не собираюсь рвать растения с красной книги или убивать животных.
12. Вы должны сильную иммунную систему, чтобы помочь предотвратить
болезнь.
9.1.6 Compile a list of words (at least 4 for each) you associate with the
following nouns.
Agriculture, plant, pomology, floriculture, Neolithic Age, harvest, pestilence.
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9.2 Grammar exercises
9.2.1 Put the verbs in the right group. Give 3 forms if the verb is irregular.
To connect, to gain, to encompass, can, to touch, to date, to have, to
distinguish, to divide, to call, to use, to produce, to find, to begin, to dig, to break
up, to make, to ward off, to do, to hold.
9.2.2 Put the verbs in the right form, translate the sentences.
1. However, this will become available after users … both accounts (to connect).
2. I also … my certification for firearms in 2010 (to gain).
3. The size of the blogosphere in late 1998 … only 23 sites (to encompass).
4. He was a great player, he … score, he … defend, he … pass, he …skate (can).
5. He also strongly disliked … (touch).
6. Results indicators covering outputs and progress … (to use).
7. Some… jobs, others … love (to find).
8. Publication … two months after I graduated (to begin).
9. Eighteen of the twenty tunnels were … out manually (to dig).
10. World championships were … biannually from 1961 to 2003, and are now …
every year (to hold).
11. On 24.11.2016 Newest Su-35S fighters … the attack of the enemy in the airspace
(to ward off).
12. This … her feel very guilty (to make).
9.2.3 Find in the text all the sentences with passive constructions.
9.2.4 Ask questions to the following sentences (types of questions are
represented in brackets).
1. The history and evolution of horticulture is intimately connected to the history
and development of agriculture (3 special questions).
2. This story encompasses exploration, conquest, experimentation, innovation and
globalization (general question, tag question).
Regular verb
Irregular verb
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3. The separation of horticulture from agriculture as a distinct activity is usually
dated from the Middle Ages in Europe (alternative question, subject question).
4. Nut cultivation and viticulture are smaller horticultural divisions (subject
question, special question).
5. Prehistoric humans were originally nomadic hunter-gathers (subject question,
special question).
6. The Neolithic Age was a watershed time for the development of agriculture and
horticulture (special question, general question)
7. In many countries today, women continue to hold this role (subject question, tag
question).
9.3 Reading comprehension
9.3.1 Read the sentences and write T (true), F (false), NS (Not stated).
1. The development of horticulture is closely connected to the evolution of
floriculture.
2. The term “horticulture” originates from Latin.
3. Horticulture means the art of decorating landscape with different plants.
4. The words “horticulture” and “agriculture” are synonyms.
5. There are three branches of horticulture.
6. Viticulture is one of the horticultural divisions, which is used to produce oils, fats
and ornaments.
7. Those were the prehistoric humans who became the originators of wild plants
domestication.
8. The Neolithic Age gardeners used bones to dig hard soil.
9. The plow was invented in Mycenae in 1100 BCE.
10. The majority of cultivation work in the Middle Ages was done by women.
9.3.2 Work with the summary of the text.
1. List the main ideas of the text.
2. Write an introductory sentence that states the topic of the summary.
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3 Turn the main ideas into sentences using your own words (you can combine some
of the main ideas into one sentence).
4 Add transitional words to connect the sentences.
5 Proofread and edit your summary.
9.3.3 Comment on the following quotations.
1. An artist cannot speak about his art any more than a plant can discuss horticulture.
(Jean Cocteau)
2. Is there any progress in horticulture? If not, it is dead, uninspiring. We cannot live
in the past good as it is; we must draw our inspiration from the future. (Liberty Hyde
Bailey)
3. One lifetime is never enough to accomplish one's horticultural goals. (Francis
Cabot Lowell)
4. “One cannot analyse the character of European gardens without looking beyond
the Mediterranean. This is because horticulture, palace life and city-building
developed in the Fertile Crescent before spreading, via Crete, Greece, Egypt and
Italy to the forests of Europe”. (Tom Turner)
5. “Working in garden is like digging knowledge from the earth.” (Karthikeyan V)
9.3.4 The importance of horticulture is so significant that it impacts us all
every day, day in and day out. Indeed, it would be nearly impossible to go through
a single day without horticulture influencing our lives. Try to picture a day in the
life of an average citizen without horticulture – what would it mean? (in written
form).
9.4 Listening
9.4.1 Pre-listening task: translate the following words and phrases.
ornamental plants, landscape restoration, soil management, garden design,
arboriculture, large-scale crop production, animal husbandry, merchandising of
fruits, aromatic crop, yield, nutritional value, environmental stress.
9.4.2 Compose sentences with the words and phrases from the previous
exercise. Read them to your groupmates and ask to translate.
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