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Файл:English for students of environmental design. Учебное пособие
.pdf
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3. Land formations and the environment, cultural heritage, religion, politics, war,
and innovation (transportation methods, electricity, utilities, communication) as well
as population growth (to play) a major role in influencing architecture and the layout
of the land.
4. As civilization (to develop) and rulers with their soldiers (to travel) from place to
place, new ideas for land management (to develop) and (to integrate) into the
travelers’ landscapes.
5. Egypt (to introduce) advanced methods of irrigation, geometric planning, walled
cities, and the labyrinth, which later (to influence) the development of mazes, a
popular element in medieval and Renaissance gardens.
6. Assyria introduced the idea of large wooded hunting parks with small pavilions
used for meditation and leisure.
7. Persian gardens (to influence) by the walled cities of Egypt, the hunting lands of
Assyria, and other gardens in foreign lands.
8. Because water (to be) a precious commodity in these hot and arid locations, it (to
play) a central element in the garden with fountains usually centrally located.
9. The rise of Islam in the seventh century (to emphasize) that paradise (to be) a
garden.
10. Islamic gardens (to design) to be looked on from above and to tease all of the
senses through the incorporation of fragrant plants, colors, textures, and water
features.
11. Later the Olmsted Brothers firm (to develop) the roadway and circulation plan,
and since those early years many distinguished American landscape and
garden designers (to contribute) significant elements.
12. For many years planners, architects and landscape designers around the
world (to seek) solutions which would allow them to make life in cities more friendly
to humans.
13. A number of special color schemes (to apply) for decades.
14. However, for the most part, the basic shape and color scheme (to remain) the
same.
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15. Never go with the copied color scheme which other designers (to use).
7.3 Reading comprehension
7.3.1 Read the sentences and write T (true), F (false), NS (Not stated).
1. Working on a canvas has practically no difference in comparison with other types
of art.
2. A design process should deal with all the demands of the customer.
3. The first stage of the process of designing is to make a plan of activities.
4. Shape is the most common element in a composition.
5. Line is a tool to capture attention and direct views.
6. Texture is used to influence the perception of distance and scale.
7. The fundamental concepts of composition are determined by the environment, the
growing plants, and the needs of the user.
8. Color can also be used to determines the style of the garden and to create patterns.
7.3.2 Answer the following sentences.
1. What stages does a design process include?
2. What is the first step of the design process?
3. Describe the features which are essential in the process of plants and hardscape
material organization.
4. What does a designer need to know to work?
5. What elements do landscape designers work with for creating a cohesive theme
in a landscape?
6. What determines the overall form theme of the garden?
7. What is the basic organizational structure of the landscape organized by?
8. What is texture used to provide?
9. What function in the design does color have?
10. What are the basic color schemes?
7.3.3 Read the text, divide it into semantic parts, design subtitles to each
paragraph of the text.
7.3.4 Compose a mind map of the text.
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8 Unit 8 Landscape Design Software
Text
Landscape Design Software
The majority of homeowners want to create a professional looking landscaped
property, but most end up scratching their heads trying to figure out exactly how to
get the process started. Since many people feel the pinch of a limited budget, they
might be hesitant to incur a large financial burden by hiring a landscape consultant
to design the entire layout. Perhaps you intend to use a professional landscape
company for performing the work, but for the initial stages, you would prefer to keep
the budget under control. This is where landscape-design software can help you
create your perfect setting, and you can do it without leaving your chair.
Landscape design software is a tried and true solution that you should
seriously consider. It gives homeowners a great opportunity to view in advance what
they would like to achieve as the end result for the landscape layout and setting.
When you work with a landscape design software program, you can easily figure out
potential problems that you might encounter before you begin the work or before a
contractor is hired to complete the design.
It is an increasingly popular method for people to utilize for creating lovely
designs and garden spots around their home. Although growing in popularity, many
average homeowners wrongly assume that the programs are out of their reach for
two reasons. First, these folks believe that the programs are way too expensive to
purchase and second, they conclude the programs are too complicated to use. There
are, of course, several high-end programs for landscape professionals that require
significant investment. These programs are complex and require a good knowledge
of their operation. However, in the past decade, a new generation of programs has
been created with the consumer in mind.
As a result, most landscape design programs on the market today for
homeowners are reliable, economical, easy to use and built with the do-it-yourselfers
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in mind. The programs are generated to allow a person with only rudimentary
computer skills that ability to design truly attractive and visually appealing
landscaping schemes.
You can purchase these user-friendly software programs from a variety of
different outlets.
An ever increasing number of garden supply and garden centers now stock
tried and tested landscape design software programs in their inventory. Some retail
merchandiser in the home improvement industry offer their customers classes and
training in the use of landscape design software. Naturally, the Internet is a
tremendous source for discovering such items and it’s only a click away.
When scouting around for the various landscape design programs, look for a
program that guides you through a survey of your property. It should let you define
a mapped site for the yard. It’s also helpful to find a program that provides a tutorial
that provides you with instruction during this process.
Many of the software programs are very versatile and offer lots of options for
you to be creative. You can scan a photo of your property and drag and drop foliage,
garden plants and structure into the image, creating a digital version of it. Some other
programs allow you to design an electronic base map where you can make infinite
changes to the plants, trees and shrubs that you choose and their potential destination
in the gardens.
These programs may also include a growth feature that shows what the plants
will look like as they mature. Some software suites even provide a “shadow caster”
that illustrates where tree and building shadows fall any time of the day throughout
the year. This feature is particularly helpful for determining where shadow casting
occurs near decks and swimming pools. Another feature that you might find
interesting in your software program is the three-dimensional viewing application.
This software application not only gives you a real-life view of the landscape, but it
even takes you on a virtual tour. For the budget minded individual, a cost-estimating
feature in the program can help you plan and track costs at every stage, whether it’s
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for garden décor, pavers, pool decks, stone pathways, water features or retaining
wall.
There are new software packages that come on the market regularly and some
of the older versions are even updated. Keep current with what is on the market and
read online reviews for any of the programs that you’re considering. You may even
find a free trial offer for one of these programs, which is a great way to give it a test
run and get the feel for how they operate.
While Designing your own garden can be fun and can help you understand
what you want, if your goals are elaborate and lofty, having a professional evaluate
your design can save you a lot of stress and money.
When you’ve been building and designing gardens for years like Evergreen
has, you know where plants should be planted in order to thrive and grow. Certain
plants will burn up in the afternoon sun, while others will fail to grow should there
be not enough sun.
Garden design programs aren’t smart enough to calculate proper
irrigation just yet. You’ll need a keen eye and experience to design a garden so every
plant receives the right amount of water.
Depending on where you live in Burlington, Hamilton or Milton, your soil can
vastly vary. Some plants have deep roots, and they won’t grow very well if you are
near the escarpment where it is quite rocky. Other plants may not have deep roots
and be ripped out during the first wind storm as your lawn might be too sandy and
loose.
A garden you design might look amazing the first couple years, but later down
the road it could cause you problems. A tree, for example might block your view, or
cause structural damage to your house (roots that damage pipes, or fallen limbs that
wreak havoc on your shingles). Certain plants might cause pest problems, such as
flowerbeds that are planted too close to your home, or certain flowers near your
driveway may attract bees (which make getting in and out of your car an adventure).
Landscape design software is a great way to get connected to your property
and give yourself a general idea of what you want. If you have no experience with
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landscaping, and you’re making minor changes, such as planting a flower garden in
the backyard, the software can come in handy. If, however, you are making
expensive changes, such as putting in stone steps, planting a lavish garden, or adding
a waterfall, it’s best to run your plans past an expert first. A garden is an organic
biosphere, and without an experts eye, it’s easy to make mistakes that can turn your
paradise into a bedraggled wasteland.
8.1 Vocabulary exercises
8.1.1 Transcribe and translate the following words.
Budget, be hesitant, incur, burden, solution, utilize, assume, rudimentary,
merchandiser, improvement, tutorial, versatile, foliage, shrub, mature, escarpment,
shingles, bedraggled, wasteland.
8.1.2 Fill in the gaps using vocabulary list of the previous exercise. Translate
the sentences into Russian.
1. An online … for the program is available on our website.
2. As a versatile construction material, timber … are used both in the traditional
construction field, as well as in contemporary architecture.
3. At first, they were …, unsure if they wanted to shoulder this responsibility.
4. Buying a house often places a large financial … on young couples.
5. He's a very … young actor who's as happy in highbrow dramas as he is in TV
comedies.
6. However, these figures represent only 0.8 per cent of the total … use for each
year.
7. I … that you knew each other because you went to the same school.
8. Its defining feature is the steep Red Rock …, which rises 3,000 feet (914m) on its
western edge.
9. Rain forests are being transformed into barren ….
10. She has only a … grasp of the language.
11. The … said demand for products from the film had been significantly less
than expected.
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12. The dense … overhead almost blocked out the sun.
13. The vitamins come in a form that is easily … by the body.
14. These white walls are a big … on that disgusting old wallpaper.
15. They help you talk through your problems but they don't give you any ….
16. We … heavy expenses to repair the poor work done by the builder.
8.1.3 Translate the following sentences using the vocabulary list of exercise
8.1.1.
1. У нее примитивный таймер, сделанный из будильника.
2. Густая листва деревьев, такая светлая, звенящая, как нельзя лучше подходит
для фермы в Австралии.
3. Но некоторые, как Дебора Саймон, продавец модной одежды, предпочли
дождаться более позднего поезда.
4. Придется понести расход и пересмотреть штаты.
5. Ты уничтожишь мотив к совершенствованию.
6. У больницы ограниченный бюджет.
7. Эта ситуация требует безотлагательного решения.
8. Эту новую тяжесть Мэгги должна будет нести до конца дней.
9. Я допускаю, что, когда они впервые подумали об этом, у них не было
блендеров.
10. Я понимаю, почему ты не решаешься растить ребенка, не зная, кто его отец.
11. Я просил его воспользоваться моим материалом.
8.1.4 Match words from 2 columns to form phrases from the text, find
sentences in which they were used.
1. landscaped
2. limited
3. computer
4. retail
5. mapped
6. infinite
a. bees
b. budget
c. caster
d. changes
e. destination
f. feature
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7. potential
8. shadow
9. cost-estimating
10. software
11. calculate
12. fallen
13. wreak
14. attract
15. lavish
g. garden
h. havoc
i. limbs
j. merchandiser
k. packages
l. proper irrigation
m. property
n. site
o. skills
8.1.5 Do the word-building task.
Verb
Noun
Adjective
evaluate
destination
electronic
build
application
infinite
cause
rock
structural
8.1.6 Make your own sentences with the words from exercise 8.1.4.
8.1.7 Give a word or a phrase from the text to each definition.
1. to experience something bad as a result of actions you have taken;
2. something difficult or unpleasant that you have to deal with or worry about;
3. the answer to a problem;
4. a large plant with a rounded shape formed from many small branches growing
either directly from the ground or from a hard stem, grown in gardens;
5. a long, high area of continuous rock that has one steep side;
6. a period of study with a tutor involving one student or a small group;
7. a person or organization that sells products;
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8. a thin, flat tile made of wood, slate, etc. that is fixed in rows to make a roof or
wall covering;
9. able to change easily from one activity to another or able to be used for many
different purposes;
10. an empty area of land, especially in or near a city, that is not used to grow crops
or built on, or used in any way;
11. an occasion when something gets better or when you make it better;
12. only basic, and not deep or detailed;
13. the leaves of a plant or tree, or leaves on the stems or branches on which they
are growing;
14. to use something in an effective way;
15. to accept something to be true without question or proof.
8.2 Grammar exercises
8.2.1 Write Past Simple and Past Participle of the following words.
Infinitive
Past Simple
Past Participle
want
create
get
design
give
begin
hire
find
include
take
track
come
keep
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have
run
feel
build
grow
live
cause
8.2.2 Open the brackets using the verbs in proper tense.
1. Over the past several years, I (test) many free landscape design apps on various
projects.
2. After (use) the app in many different types of projects, I (be disappointed) in the
lack of three-dimensional perspectives and the limited plant library.
3. Home Design 3D (be) an intriguing app that (have) very distinctive reviews when
I originally (download) it.
4. I originally (download) the Sketchup Viewer because I (receive) a
recommendation about the app from another designer.
5. In general, it (be) a big disappointment as the viewer really (not offer) anything
valuable for a designer that (not have) access to the base-program of Sketchup.
6. There (be) many periods in history when mathematics (influence) design.
7. We (round) up six of the top landscaping software options to help you find the
perfect choice for your level of needs and experience.
8. Some landscape design software (can) be on the more expensive side at around
$1,000, however, we (include) more low-cost options in our picks at just $30, so
there (be) something for all abilities and budgets.
9. In this guide, we (compile) a list of 17 best landscaping design software, including
free and paid options that (be) worth your time and effort.
10. We often (not pay) much attention to the external scene.
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