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Файл:English for students of environmental design. Учебное пособие
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6.1 Vocabulary exercises
6.1.1 Transcribe and translate the following words.
Appreciation, concrete, cultivation, elaborate, enclave, equivalent, geometric,
hedge, legitimate, luxury, primitive, Prior, sanctuary, statue, surrounding,
sustenance, Versailles.
6.1.2 Find in the text words the definitions of which are represented there.
1. of or from a long time ago, having lasted for a very long time;
2. something that makes people want to go to a place or do a particular thing;
3. able to be bought or used;
4. the act of trying to develop and improve something;
5. containing a lot of careful detail or many detailed parts;
6. an area that is different from the larger area or country surrounding it;
7. strong enough to bear extreme conditions or difficult situations;
8. something expensive which is pleasant to have but is not really necessary;
9. a complicated system of paths or passages that people try to find their way through
for entertainment;
10. the fact that you like something or someone more than another thing or person;
11. a place where birds or animals can live and be protected, especially from being
hunted or dangerous conditions;
12. an object made from a hard material, especially stone or metal, to look like a
person or animal;
13. all round a particular place or thing;
14. food, or the energy and other things food provides people and animals to keep
them strong and healthy.
6.1.3 Match words from 2 columns to form phrases from the text, find
sentences in which they were used.
1. a demand for
a. Canada
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2. a push for
3. beauty of
4. cultivation of
5. demand for
6. enclaves of
7. forest of
8. origins of
9. Palace of
10. roofs of
11. statues of
12. water and rock gardens of
b. green
c. Japan
d. landscape architecture
e. landscape architecture
f. landscape design
g. outdoor design
h. small gardens
i. small parks
j. steel
k. trees
l. Versailles
6.1.4 Translate the following sentences paying attention to the underlined
phrases and words. Use the vocabulary of the lesson.
1. Древние стили каменной архитектуры, в частности египетской, греческой и
мексиканской, как раз основаны на скульптурных компонентах.
2. Он имеет различные интересные туристические достопримечательности и
множество исторических зданий, которые стоят и ждут, когда Вы их увидите.
3. Дешевые фрукты и морепродукты доступны на каждом углу.
4. Местные крестьяне были довольно зажиточными для своего времени –
источником благосостояния района было разведение садов и торговля
фруктами в столице.
5. Я как дизайнер люблю сложные вещи, и в здесь любят необычные вещи, как
вы знаете, поэтому я влюбился в Дубай.
6. Какие растения будут прорастать в лесах из бетона и стали?
7. Версальский дворец одно из тех туристических мест, которое сложно
обойти за один день.
8. Домашний сад был важным для жизнеобеспечения, но также обеспечивал
удовольствие от стремления к собственному урожаю.
9. Юные дизайнеры узнали, где находить интересные идеи, как работать с
природными материалами и создавать объекты ландшафтной архитектуры.
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6.1.5 Compose a story in English using the vocabulary of the lesson.
6.2 Grammar exercises
6.2.1 You've read an article about history of landscape architecture and now
share the ideas with your groupmates using indirect speech as it is represented in the
example.
The author of the article wrote that the practice of shaping nature around their
dwellings to suit personal preference went back centuries and many of the landscape
designs that had been commissioned long ago still remained with people that day as
tourist attractions.
6.2.2 Compose several headings of the article with the construction of indirect
speech using the following verbs: accuse, deny, claim, insist, agree, admit, promise.
6.2.3 Watch the video of the interview with a landscape architect
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=34&v=TbfojLhFJcU&embeds_e
uri=https%3A%2F%2Fyastatic.net%2F&source_ve_path=MzY4NDIsMzY4NDIs
MzY4NDI&feature=emb_logo)
6.2.4 Put down 5 questions which the landscape architect was asked. Put down
her answers. Reproduce them in indirect speech.
6.3 Reading comprehension
6.3.1 Complete the following sentences.
1. The practice of shaping nature around our dwellings goes back …
2. The name “landscape architecture” was …
3. Most cultures have some form or another of …
4. Different cultures also have different points when …
5. Landscape design is also growing to be …
6. Landscape architecture started out as …
7. There was little demand for landscape design as …
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8. The term “landscape design” was coined in …
9. There is more of a demand for landscape architecture as …
10. The importance of having beautiful and natural spaces is …
6.3.2 Read the sentences and write T (true), F (false), NS (Not stated).
1. The practice to make our surroundings look attractively is modern and appeared
a decade ago.
2. The term “landscape architecture” means cultivation of small gardens for
sustenance
3. The landscape design has always been an important part of Western civilization.
4. People realize the importance of landscape design as a part of urban design.
5. Landscape design is a kind of luxury which can afford only rich people.
6. The Palace of Versailles is a traditional illustration of landscape architecture.
7. In the 20th century the landscape architecture dealt only with designing the
gardens.
6.3.3 Read the text, divide it into semantic parts, design subtitles to each
paragraph of the text.
6.3.4 Compose a mind map of the text.
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7 Unit 7 Principles of Landscape Design
Text
Basic Principles of Landscape Design
Landscape designers work on a canvas that is distinctly different from other
art forms. The “art” is always changing as the plants grow, environmental conditions
change, and people use the space. For this reason, landscape designers use a design
process that systematically considers all aspects of the land, the environment, the
growing plants, and the needs of the user to ensure a visually pleasing, functional,
and ecologically healthy design.
The design process begins by determining the needs and desires of the user
and the conditions of the site. With this information, the designer then organizes the
plants and hardscape materials, which are collectively referred to as the features. The
features can be physically described by the visual qualities of line, form, color,
texture, and visual weight – the elements of design. The principles are the
fundamental concepts of composition – proportion, order, repetition, and unity – that
serve as guidelines to arrange or organize the features to create an aesthetically
pleasing or beautiful landscape. Knowledge of the elements and principles of design
is essential to designing a landscape and working through the design process.
The elements of composition are the visual qualities that people see and
respond to when viewing a space. Perhaps the most common element in a
composition is line. Landscape designers use lines to create patterns, develop spaces,
create forms, control movement, establish dominance, and create a cohesive theme
in a landscape.
Shape is created by an outline that encloses a space, and form is the three-
dimensional mass of that shape. Form is found in both hardscape and plants, and it
is typically the dominant visual element that spatially organizes the landscape and
often determines the style of the garden. The form of structures, plant beds, and
garden ornaments also determines the overall form theme of the garden.
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Form is very powerful because people can often recognize and identify a
feature based on an outline or silhouette. People can often perceive a form when
only a portion of it is visible. Repetition of form is essential to the creation of pattern,
which is the basic organizational structure of the landscape.
Texture refers to how coarse or fine the surface of the plant or hardscape
material feels and/or looks. Texture is used to provide variety, interest, and contrast.
The plant’s foliage, flowers, bark, and overall branching pattern all have texture. The
size and shape of the leaves often determines the perceived texture of the plant. A
plant can generally be described as having a coarse, medium, or fine texture. Texture
affects the perception of distance and scale. Designers often develop a texture study
on paper to help decide the arrangement of plant materials.
Color in plant material and hardscape adds interest and variety to the
landscape. Color is the most conspicuous element in the landscape and is usually the
focus of most homeowners; however, it is also the most temporary element, usually
lasting only a few weeks a year for individual plants. The use of color is guided by
color theory (use of the color wheel) to create color schemes. The basic color
schemes are monochromatic, analogous, and complementary. Color is found in the
flowers, foliage, bark, and fruit of plants. Color is also found in buildings, rocks,
pavers, wood, and furniture. Color is an important element for creating interest and
variety in the landscape. Colors have properties that can affect emotions, spatial
perception, light quality, balance, and emphasis. Color can also be used to capture
attention and direct views.
Visual weight is the concept that combinations of certain features have more
importance in the composition based on mass and contrast. Some areas of a
composition are more noticeable and memorable, while others fade into the
background. This does not mean that the background features are unimportant – they
create a cohesive look by linking together features of high visual weight, and they
provide a resting place for the eye.
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7.1 Vocabulary exercises
7.1.1 Transcribe and translate the following words and phrases.
Analogous, canvas, coarse, cohesive theme, complementary, conspicuous,
emphasis, foliage, hardscape, homeowners, monochromatic, ornament, outline,
pleasing, qualities, silhouette, texture, three-dimensional, variety.
7.1.2 Fill in the gaps using vocabulary list of the previous exercise. Translate
the sentences into Russian.
1. Avoid contact with … and corrosive substances.
2. Carrots have a rich content of beta-carotene, a substance that gives them the …
orange color.
3. Each primary colour – red, yellow, blue – has it's own, exclusive, … colour –
green, purple, orange.
4. Even if there is a dramatic difference in layout between your homepage and the
rest of your site, a … should exist across your platform.
5. First of all, this style is characterised by its pronounced … on the white colour
which is easily explained by the geographical location of the countries where this
style was born.
6. For example, yellow-orange, yellow, and yellow-green are … colors.
7. For organizational purposes, it is often divided into two major parts: … and
softscape.
8. I like the … these clothes give me.
9. I would use a … or limited color palette.
10. Images that cast a shadow are … images like these statues.
11. One way is through the use of plants that vary in … .
12. The entire surface of the processed object is covered with geometric and floral
… .
13. The plants produce luxuriant … but no fruit.
14. We are all artists and life is our ….
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7.1.3 Translate the following sentences.
1. Ландшафтные дизайнеры при работе над проектом должны комплексно
рассматривать вопросы, касающиеся особенностей почвы, окружающей
среды, растений, растущих в данной местности, а также потребности
заказчика.
2. Процесс дизайна начинается с определения потребностей и желаний
заказчик а, а также условий, характерных для местности.
3. Базовые понятия композиции, определяющие принципы ландшафтного
дизайна при создании красивого ландшафта, включают в себя пропорцию,
порядок, повторение, единство.
4. Единство – это одна из основных целей ландшафтного дизайна.
Ландшафтный дизайн должен отражать стиль и архитектуру дома, ведь дом и
приусадебный участок – это единое целое.
5. Принцип пропорциональности относится к размеру элементов по
отношению друг к другу в любом пространстве.
6. Цвет – это тот элемент, который добавляет дополнительную
привлекательность ландшафту. С помощью цвета можно создать фокус или
повлиять на общее «настроение» дизайна.
7. Плавные линии всегда приятны для глаз, однако сочетание плавных
изгибающихся линий со строгими прямыми линиями поможет обеспечить
интересный контраст для сада.
8. Такие инструменты, как цветовые схемы, линии и формы, помогают
создавать ритм.
7.1.4 Match words from 2 columns to form phrases from the text, find
sentences in which they were used.
1. visually
a. concept
2. ecologically
b. element
3. fundamental
c. healthy
4. cohesive
d. look
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5. three-dimensional
e. mass
6. garden
f. ornament
7. branching
g. pattern
8. perceived
h. plant
9. pleasing
i. pleasing
10. pleasing
j. scheme
11. pleasing
k. texture
12. pleasing
l. theme
7.1.5 Make your own sentences with the phrases from exercise 7.1.4.
7.1.6 Give a word or a phrase from the text to each definition.
1. a strong, heavy cloth that is used for making things such as tents, sails, and bags.
2. the process and art of planning and making detailed drawings of something.
3. the man-made features used in landscape architecture, e.g. paths or walls.
4. the way in which various parts of something are put together and arranged.
5. an arrangement of lines or shapes, especially a design in which the same shape is
repeated at regular intervals over a surface.
6. the area that is available for a particular activity or for putting a particular kind of
thing in.
7. power and influence over others.
8. an attractive object that you display in your home or in your garden or yard.
9. a general explanation or description of something.
10. plant leaves collectively.
11. the tough material that covers the outside of a tree.
12. the way that it feels when you touch it, for example how smooth or rough it is.
13. containing or using only one colour.
7.1.7 Compose a dialogue with your groupmate discussing the prosecco of
designing a landscape between the designer and a homeowner.
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7.2 Grammar exercises
7.2.1 Analyse each sentence from the text and comment on the tenses used in
them.
7.2.2 Put the verbs in the correct form (some of them should be in passive
form), translate the text into Russian paying attention to the translation of modal
verbs.
It is possible to have varying color schemes in one area of the landscape as
the seasons change. White and pink azaleas flowers (can/ to yield) a monochromatic
color scheme with a red brick house. The green azalea foliage (would/ to produce) a
complementary color for the red brick during the summer. Pyracantha berries (would
/to be) an analogous color to the red brick in the fall. The landscape designer (should/
to consider) the color changes throughout the year when developing a landscape
plan. Colors (can/ to use) to visually change distance perspective. These colors and
tints placed near the foundation of a house (would/ to make) the house appear closer
to the street. Cool colors and deep shades like blue, green and black (can/ to be used)
to make the house appear farther from the street. Color (can / to use) to direct
attention in the landscape. Due to this strong characteristic, color (should/ to use)
carefully. When color is used for this purpose, consideration (must/ to give) to yearround color not just to seasonal color. Consideration (may/ to give) to the time of
day when this color will be enjoyed. White or light tints (could/ to use) to create
interest on a patio. Dark colors (would/ to add) little to family enjoyment of this area
as the daylight hours passed.
7.2.3 Put the verbs in the correct form, translate the sentences into Russian.
1. Landscape designer and public artist Walter Hood (to found) Hood Design Studio
in Oakland, California, in 1992 after earning an MLA and M. Arch. from the
University of California at Berkeley.
2. Through the history of human civilization, land development (to be) an integral
factor in our progress as a species.
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