length, 3–5cm in diameter, and 40–60ml in capacity when fully distended. The gallbladder is divided into three sec­tions: the fundus, body, and neck.

The gallbladder fossa projects upward, backward, and to the left, and eventually tapers at the neck. At the junction of the neck of the gallbladder and the cystic duct, a dilatation or pouch may appear, known as ampulla of gallbladder (Hartmann’s pouch). Gallstones commonly impact this sac, producing obstruction and acute cholecystitis.

The cystic duct merges with the common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct, while the position and entry of the cystic duct into the ductal system are variable. It can run

right of the hepatic artery proper, and descends along the right edge of the hepatoduodenal ligament. This segment is relatively easy to expose; via which laparoscopic common bile duct exploration, T-tube drainage, choledochoscopy with stone extraction, and Roux-en-Y anastomosis are often performed.

Vascular corrosion casting is a widely used dissection technique in medical education and clinical research, which can visualize the complex three-dimensional structure of the human hepatic vasculature. It resembles casting technology in the industry. However, it is based on the natural vascular or cavity structure in viva (such as blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, ventricles, hepatic ducts, and pancreatic ducts). The vascular structures are perfused with a xative (such as plas­tic or denture powder). When the injected substance becomes hard, the specimen is submersed in a strong acid or alkali solution. The tissue is subsequently corroded away, while the hardened cast remains because of its strong acid and alkali resistant properties. The whole process is known as vascular corrosion casting. The casting technique dates back to fteenth to sixteenth century Italy. The famous painter, Da Vinci, produced a wax cast of cerebral ventri­cles. Since then, a variety of mold specimens have been pro­duced using materials such as low-melting point alloys and celluloid. By the 1970s, the casting technique had entered a new stage of development thanks to the advances in the modern chemical industry. Many premium-quality plastic products, such as perchloroethylene and styrene, have been utilized as lling materials in the casting process. While perfusing, a low- concentration xative is recommended since the diameter of the bile duct system is relatively small. At the rst perfusion, it should be performed after bile is squeezed out through the common bile duct. The bile duct system may not be adequately perfused at one time, and in that case, reperfusion is needed on the post-perfusion day 2 or 3. Anticorrosion and xation are very important, and the natural shape of the liver should be maintained to avoid deformation under pressure.

powder. Though perfused satisfactorily, the pipelines are incapable of being identied, extracted, and 3D recon­structed because they possess the same CT value on CT images and the thin hepatic artery and bile duct system. The entirety of the portal and hepatic veins within the hepatic lobes and segments can be displayed during 3D reconstruc­tion when the perfusion of the portal vein and hepatic vein is satisfactory, and thin-slice CT images are clear.

Firstly, the four pipelines are injected with 10% vermilion

Secondly, four pipelines are injected with different con-

The bile duct system may not be adequately perfused at one time, and in that case, reperfusion is needed on the post­perfusion day 2 or 3. Anticorrosion and xation are vital. The natural shape of the liver should be maintained to avoid deformation under pressure, lest distortion of the mold dur­ing casting occurs. The portal vein and inferior vena cava are relatively thick and even more so in fresh specimens. In the casting process of large vessels, it is better for the vessels to be thick and sparse, rather than to be thin and dense. To reduce the blood vessel elasticity, traditional anticorrosive methods should be utilized for vascular xation. During the anticorrosive process, attention must be paid upon leakage of perfusate from vasculature surrounding the liver. In the event of such leakage, blood vessels can be ligated using hemo­static forceps or wire sutures. Since the portal vein and infe­rior vena cava are relatively thick, the lling agent must be strong and non-brittle to support the weight of the liver. The effect of using the rapid repair powder and liquid for acrylic denture as lling agents is rather satisfactory. The model of the human body, diaphragm, and abdominal cavity is con-

bile duct and ligated with sutures. Large diameter cannulae were inserted in the portal vein and suprahepatic vena cava and ligated also. To avoid perfusate leakage while perfusing, small blood vessels in the hepatic hilar area were ligated with silk thread.

Two perfusates of different concentrations were prepared:

Two perfusates of different concentrations were prepared:

Two perfusates of different concentrations were prepared: