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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5320_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана
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18
Pharmaceutical Solutions
On completion of this chapter, the students should be able to
1.
2.
3.
4.
18.1 Introduction
Solutions
Saturated solutions
amount of solute that can be dissolved in the solvent. Buffer solutions
or
priate buffer. Isotonic solutions
for intravenous administration.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
DOI: 10.1201/9781003389378-21
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317
in the solution.
18.2 Types of Solutions
18.2.1 Syrup
Sucrose
18.2.2 Elixir
antimicrobial agents for preservation. Alcohols precipitate tragacanth, acacia, agar, and inorganic salts
18.2.3 Tincture
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Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery
evaporation of alcohol.
18.2.4 Oil- Based Solutions
18.2.5 Miscellaneous Solutions
spirits. Mouthwashes are solutions used
to cleanse the mouth or treat diseases of the oral membrane. Antibacterial topical solutions (e.g.,
18.2.6 Dry or Lyophilized Mixtures for Solution
administration.
18.3 Quality Attributes
-
ities. In addition, since most of the solutions are formulated in aqueous vehicles, special measures must
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Pharmaceutical Solutions
18.4 Formulation Components and Manufacturing Process
319
• API.
•
•
•
•
• Antimicrobial preservative(s).
•
•
Most of the vehicles used for oral solutions can be used in topical solutions. In addition, topical
18.5 Solubility
drug that can be adsorbed on the resin and resin concentration in solution.
characteristics of the solute and the solvent.
Sometimes, the manufacturing process requires the use of elevated temperatures to prepare a solution.
18.5.1 pH and Buffer Capacity
[Acid]
[Salt]
HO
32
−+
+↔+
OA
+↔+
−−
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Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery
or
18.5.1.1 pH and Buffering Capacity
Ka
Hp log
=+K
[Salt]
a
Hp log
=+K
[Base]
a
acetate (Ac
cHOHAc
EXAMPLE OF HOW TO MAKE A BUFFER
Buffers of Weak Acids
cOHH
2
c
ion in situ.
K
[]
[]
+−
[]
[]
KK
−
=− −
[]+[]
+
3a
K
[]
[]
[Salt]
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Ka
=
a
HO Ac
3
HAc
Ka
HO
+
3a a
HAc
=
Ac
−
[Acid]
=
[Salt]
logHOlog logAcidlog Salt
Hp log
=+
K
a
Salt
Acid
Ka is the negative logarithm of Ka
Buffers of Weak Bases
−
OH p
= K
[Base]
a
[Salt]
K3O+
Hp plog
18.5.2 Surfactants and Cosolvents
=−+KK
wb
[Base]
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Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery
18.6 Stability
18.6.1 Physical Stability
selective adsorption, can lead to supersaturation of the drug in the vehicle. Supersaturated solutions can
nucleation (Figure 18.1
in instantaneous precipitation of the drug in the form of small, amorphous particles. Formulating a drug
18.6.2 Chemical Stability
strategies are discussed in Chapter 7.
FIGURE 18.1
Int.
J. Pharm
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18.6.3 Microbial Stability
Review Questions
18.1
A
B
C
solution
D
E In general, solution dosage forms have a longer shelf life than the same drug formulated as
a tablet
18.2
A
B
C
D All of the above
E
18.3
tinctures.
18.4
A
B
C
D All of the above
E B and C of the above
A Presence of a polar group
B
C
D
FURTHER READINGS
The Art, Science, and Technology of Pharmaceutical Compounding
Ansel’s Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery
Systems
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Pharmaceutics: The Science of Dosage Form Design,
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery
Comprehensive Pharmacy Review
Int
J Pharm 345
Theory and Practice of Contemporary Pharmaceutics,
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19
Powders and Granules
On completion of this chapter, the students should be able to
1.
2. Describe methods of production of granules.
3.
4.
6.
19.1 Introduction
longer shelf life than the corresponding liquid dosage forms.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
DOI: 10.1201/9781003389378-22
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