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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5320_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана
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216
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery
• Intracellular drug release
• Enteric- and colon- targeted oral drug delivery
®®
11.7.2 Thermosensitive Polymers
critical solution temperature
cloud point, since phase separation
in vivo gel serves as a drug reservoir for sustained or controlled drug release over a period of time.
®
® (Macromed), etc.
11.7.3 Other Stimuli- Responsive Polymers
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Pharmaceutical Polymers
217
volume of the gel.
3O4
sonophoresis or phonophoresis
11.8 Water- Soluble Polymers
11.8.1 Carboxypolymethylene (Carbomer, Carbopol)
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218
11.8.2 Cellulose Derivatives
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery
11.8.3 Natural Gum (Acacia)
11.8.4 Alginates
11.8.5 Dextran
restore or maintain blood volume in severe trauma.
11.8.6 Polyvinylpyrrolidone
N
used as a suspending and dispersing agent. It is also used as a binding and granulating agent for tablets
prolong their action.
11.8.7 Polyethylene Glycol
11.9 Bioadhesive/ Mucoadhesive Polymers
mucoadhesive
site
of drug absorption
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Pharmaceutical Polymers
219
site of absorption is termed residence time
1.
2.
11.9.1 Advantages of Mucoadhesive Drug Delivery Systems
11.9.2 Mechanism of Mucoadhesion
S
F
A
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Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery
11.9.3 Quantitation of Mucoadhesion
Sm, is the force, F
been established per unit surface area (A
=
m
Sm can be calculated in vitroex vivo,
using a biological surface, such as an isolated intestinal lumen. In vivo, the assessment of bioadhesion
imaging technique.
11.9.4 Sites of Application
excessive drainage
of the drug via the lachrymal glands
the drug on the cornea reduces precorneal drainage loss of the drug and increases the duration of drug
-
face, leading to higher local concentration at the site of drug absorption.
11.9.5 Dosage Forms
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Pharmaceutical Polymers
11.9.6 Transdermal Patches
221
direct penetration of the drug through the stratum corneum, deeper epidermal tissues, and the dermis.
circulation.
Among the factors
enhance the percu-
taneous absorption of a drug.
In general, patches are composed
surface and protects it from damage, a compartment that holds the medication itself and has an adhesive
types
exemplied ®® (testosterone),
Alora® (estradiol), Androderm®®® relies
® is a nicotine patch that releases
Review Questions
11.1
A Surfactant
B Forms micelles
C Biodegradable
D
E All of the above
F
11.2
A
B
C
D
and/ or platelet adhesion.
E All of the above.
F
11.3
A
B
C Repeating unit and end group
D Monomer and oligomer
11.4
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Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery
(MnMw
FURTHER READINGS
Expert Opin Biol Ther 5
Physicochemical Principles of Pharmacy
Press.
Biomaterials for Delivery and Targeting of Proteins and Nuclec Acids, Boston,
MA: CRC Press.
Polymeric Drug
Delivery Systems
ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2
Martin’s Physical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Stevens M.P. (1999) Polymer Chemistry: An Introduction
Science
218
Sci Am 272
Pharm Res
31
η
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12
Rheology
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
On completion of this chapter, the students should be able to
1.
2.
3.
phenomena.
4.
12.1 Introduction
-
eral dosage forms, including solutions, emulsions, suspensions, pastes, lotions, suppositories, parenteral
used for tablet coating is a CiMA during product manufacturing.
12.2 Newtonian Flow
η
DOI: 10.1201/9781003389378-14
223
F
F
Advdr
′
=1/
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224
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery
D
Newtonian uids
non- Newtonian uids.
==
η
(12.1)
FAF); dv/ dr is the
FA2dv/ dr
2
rheogram
η (Figure 12.1a).
ϕ
(12.2)
FIGURE 12.1
η
= A
ERT
/
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Rheology
12.2.1 Temperature Dependence and Viscosity of Liquids
temperature.
v
(12.3)
e
ηA
of liquid; EvR is the gas
mol); and T
are critical for routine handling of liquids in pharmaceutical manufacturing under ambient temperature
12.3 Non- Newtonian Flow
pseudoplastic, and dilatant (Figure 12.1
12.3.1 Plastic Flow
(Figure 12.1
f0
• f
•
• elastic
12.3.2 Pseudoplastic (Shear- Thinning) Flow
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