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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5320_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана
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246
14.5.1.2 Fabrication of Liposomes
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery
illustrates the stages common to
Microuidizer
the pump and interaction chamber until vesicles of the required dimensions are obtained.
In the ethanol injection method of liposome preparation
ethanol from phospholipid membranes.
FIGURE 14.5 Stages common to different liposome preparation methods.
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Drug Delivery Systems
14.5.2 Microparticles and Nanoparticles
247
A microcapsule-
or dissolved in solution, emulsion, suspension, or a combination of emulsion and suspension. In contrast,
a microsphere
Figure 14.6
can be encapsulated into microparticles to provide their sustained release at disease sites. A microcapsule
microsphere
release of drugs.
14.5.2.1 Fabrication of Microparticulates
Microencapsulation is a technique that involves the encapsulation of small particles or solutions of drugs
14.5.2.1.1 Emulsification
FIGURE 14.6
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248
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery
•
•
•
•
• Stirring
•
® 80 can be used as a continuous phase
glutaraldehyde
heat denaturation
proteins such as hyaluronidase
14.5.2.1.2 Solvent Evaporation
Solvent evaporation is the most popular method of preparation of microparticles. A core material and
water- immiscible, volatile organic solvent, and the resulting
Methylene chloride (CH2Cl2)
miscible solvent) can also be used.
•
•
•
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Drug Delivery Systems
249
• Organic solvent used
•
• Ratio of organic phase to aqueous phase
• Rate of stirring
• Evaporation temperature
Lupron
Depot
14.5.2.1.3 Interfacial (or In situ) Polymerization
In interfacial polymerization
drug loading.
14.5.2.1.4 Complex Coacervation
polymer– polymer incompatibility
Alginates form gels in reaction with calcium salts
2
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Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery
• Sodium alginate and chitosan
• Sodium alginate and CaCl
2
•
14.5.2.1.5 Hot Melt Microencapsulation
polyanhydride microspheres.
14.5.2.1.6 Solvent Removal
In the solvent- removal process, the fabrication occurs at room temperature in organic solvents,
-
lation occurs.
14.5.2.1.7 Spray Drying
14.5.3 Nanoparticles
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Drug Delivery Systems
14.6 Oral Drug Delivery
the intercellular passage of drug molecules from the intestinal lumen to the lamina propria.
14.7 Alternative Routes of Delivery
Figure 14.7
14.7.1 Pulmonary Drug Delivery
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FIGURE 14.7
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery
bronchodilators (e.g., beclometasone), corticosteroids, antibiotics, antifungal agents, antiviral agents, and
vasoactive drugs.
®
14.7.2 Ocular Drug Delivery
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Drug Delivery Systems
-
tion using ionophores and liposomes.
Review Questions
14.1
A
B
C Corneal absorption
D
14.2
A Second- pass metabolism
B
C First- pass metabolism
D Drug decomposition
E
14.3
A
B
C
D
14.4
A
B Stroma
C
D A and C
-
14.6
14.7
14.8
14.9
FURTHER READINGS
J Liposome Res. 13
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Nature Rev
Drug Discov 2
Drug Delivery and Targeting
Eur J Pharm Biopharm 50
Colloidal Drug Delivery Systems
AAPS News Magazine, December, p. 20.
-
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery
Controlled Drug Delivery
anticancer drugs. Nat Biotechnol 17
Encyclopedia of Controlled Drug Delivery
to practice. Pharmacol Rev 53
Targeted Delivery of Small and Macromolecular Drugs,
Targeted Delivery of Small and Macromolecular Drugs, Boca
Adv Drug Deliv Rev
63(8
Pharmacol Rev 36
Adv Drug Deliv Rev 1
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15
Organ- Specic Drug Delivery
On the completion of this chapter, the students should be able to
1.
2.
3.
4.
6.
15.1 Introduction
organelles, is called targeted drug delivery
effects of the drug.
localized drug therapy
alternate routes of drug
delivery.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
DOI: 10.1201/9781003389378-17
255
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