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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5320_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана
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236
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery
4.
13.4 Formulation of Radiopharmaceuticals
1. Sterility: All formulations intended for parenteral administration need to be manufactured under
2. Pyrogens and endotoxin limit
3. Adsorption of the radiopharmaceutical to the container of storage or dispensing can lead to
99m
Institutions, such as hospitals, that handle radioisotopes have a medical isotope committee to care-
requirements, and personnel procedures.
13.5 Calculations
Calculations for radioactive materials are important for dispensing or administering the right dose to
113m
N tN
t
()=()
−
τ
1
N tN
t
()=()
Ä
N
2
()
2
693
λλ
693
2
2
tt
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Radiopharmaceuticals
237
λ
unit time) and τN of radioactive atoms
t, represented as N(t), is a function of the number of radio-
active atoms present in the same amount of sample at the initial time point, t
of degradation of the radionuclide (since the rate of degradation depends on the number of available
»
0e
N(t)/ N(0)]
Moreover, since,
=
−
0e
t t
1/ 2
and
tN()
12
/
0
=
λ, can be calculated from t
1
ln
as:
1/ 2
.
ln20
==
1
1
20
ln .
2
===
τ
λ
EXAMPLE
Solution:
N
t
t
1/ 2
N(t
N tN
t
()=()
−
2
2
1
N tN
t
()=()
=× =
−−×
07
emCi
λ
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238
0e
»
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery
λ
..
ln
20693 0 693
= ===
tt
1
60
1
.
0 01155
−
day
0 01155 30
01
emCi
t
.
07
.
is 60
1/ 2
Review Questions
13.1
A Alpha
B Beta
C
D Delta
13.2
A Alpha
B Beta
C
D Delta
13.3
A Alpha
B Beta
C
D Delta
13.4 -
A Electrons
B Protons
C
D Atoms
A
B
C Iodine
D Carbon
13.6
A Iron
B Aluminum
C Copper
D
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Radiopharmaceuticals
13.7
A Isotope has the same proton number but a different neutron number
B Isotope has a different mass
C All the isotopes are radioactive
D
13.8 An archeologist discovered that an artifact containing 14C contained 3 disintegrations per
13.9
13.10
A
B
C Distance
D Shielding
13.11
A
B
C
D Scintillation counter
13.12
A
B
C
D All of the above
239
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14
Drug Delivery Systems
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
On completion of this chapter, the students should be able to
1.
2.
3.
14.1 Introduction
Figure 14.1
targeting ligands. Figure 14.2
14.2 Targeted Drug Delivery
DOI: 10.1201/9781003389378-16
240
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Drug Delivery Systems
FIGURE 14.1
241
FIGURE 14.2
•
•
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242
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
14.3 Prodrugs
compound in vivo
release dosage form. Prodrugs that are more lipophilic than the parent drug can increase membrane
14.4 Soluble Macromolecular Carriers
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Drug Delivery Systems
FIGURE 14.3
243
Figure 14.3
this tetrapeptide as a spacer (Figure 14.4).
™ ™
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244
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery
FIGURE 14.4
in vivo
14.5.1 Liposomes
other compounds are added to impart certain characteristics to the vesicles.
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Drug Delivery Systems
liquid crystalline state. Preference for either state depends on various characteristics
18
temperature.
14.5.1.1 Types of Liposomes
targeted liposomes, and cationic liposomes.
14.5.1.1.1 Conventional Liposomes
14.5.1.1.2 Sterically Stabilized (Stealth) Liposomes
14.5.1.1.3 Targeted Liposomes
immunoliposome), vitamins, or spe-
diseased tissues.
14.5.1.1.4 Cationic Liposomes
proportions of each component and the structure of the headgroup.
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