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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5320_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана
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346
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery
•
the equipment used for granulation.
• A high- shear granulation process is carried out in a granulator that imparts high shearing and
Figure 19.4
•
•
•
Figure 19.6
the particles.
Figure 19.7):
1
2
3
4
surface of granules
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Powders and Granules
347
FIGURE 19.4 A high- shear granulator.
FIGURE 19.5
FIGURE 19.6
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348
FIGURE 19.7 Powder Technol.,
19.4.2 Decreasing Particle Size: Comminution or Milling
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery
19.4.2.1 Techniques for Particle Size Reduction
• Cutting
used in pharmaceutical manufacturing.
• Grinding -
particles.
• Trituration
• Milling
• Ball mill
• An air jet mill
• Fitzmill
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Powders and Granules
349
• Comil
19.4.2.2 Selection of Size Reduction Technique
• Strength and plasticity
• Brittleness
• Chemical stability
medium in the colloid mill helps dissipate the heat generated during the process.
19.5 Powders as Dosage Forms
have led to their continued use as pharmaceutical dosage forms.
19.5.1 Types of Powder Dosage Forms
19.5.1.1 Oral Powders in Unit Dose Sachets
19.5.1.2 Powders for Oral Solution or Suspension
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Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery
for oral suspension.
be established.
19.5.1.3 Bulk Powders for Oral Administration
over- the- counter products that are meant for the patient to self- medicate.
19.5.1.4 Effervescent Granules
patient.
19.5.1.5 Dusting Powders
19.5.1.6 Dry Powder Inhalers
19.5.2 Advantages of Extemporaneous Compounding of Powders
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Powders and Granules
19.5.3 Extemporaneous Compounding Techniques
•
•
•
Review Questions
19.1
19.2
19.3
A -
B
C
D -
E
19.4 -
A
B
C
D
E -
19.6
A
B
C
D Direct compression
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Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery
19.7
A Solid dispersion
B
C
D
19.8
A
B
dimension
C
D
lattice
19.9
A
B
C
D Sedimentation
E
19.10
A Aspect ratio
B BD
C Electrostatic charge
D Surface cohesiveness
E All of the above
F
FURTHER READINGS
Am Pharm Rev 6(3
Powder Technol 117
et al. (Eds.) Developing Solid Oral Dosage Forms: Pharmaceutical Theory and Practice, Burlington,
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20
Tablets
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
On completion of this chapter, the students should be able to
1.
2. Describe roles of formulation components of tablets.
3.
4. Describe the tableting process.
6.
7.
20.1 Introduction
therapeutic options available to the patient.
in the design and development of an oral tablet dosage form.
20.2 Types of Tablets
):
20.2.1 Swallowable Tablets
DOI: 10.1201/9781003389378-23
353
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TABLE 20.1
Basis of
Classication Type of Tablets
Route of
administration
Buccal • Buccal tablets are designed for
Sublingual • Sublingual tablets are designed for
Oral • Most of the tablets fall in this cat-
upper gastrointestinal tract.
• Buccal administration is used
for local drug action or avoiding
metabolism in the liver.
placement under the tongue.
and absorption through the blood
vessels under the tongue, avoiding
• Sublingual administration is used
in the gut or metabolism in
the liver.
Description and Special
Advantages
have other sharp tastes.
have other sharp tastes.
formulated as sublingual tablets.
Drug Substance Requirements
and Other Considerations
the dosage form.
mucoadhesive component.
dissolution from the surface.
tablet formulation.
a disintegrant and are
dissolution from the surface.
Physicochemical Principle
of Formulation Example
release on administration.
• Isoprenaline sulfate
(bronchodilator)
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery
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dissolved on the tongue rather than
Release
characteristics
of the drug
substance
Controlled
release (CR)
release (SR)
Immediate release (IR) • Most of the conventional tablets
• CR tablets are designed to release
the drug at a predetermined and
controlled rate.
predetermined and/ or controlled
rate.
have other sharp tastes.
formulated as sublingual tablets.
• IR tablets are designed to start
chronic ailments that requires
repeated administration.
the patient from consistent
levels and/ or reduced dosing
• Same as CR tablets. • Same as CR tablets.
• Designed to disintegrate and
s or less.
• Most drugs are formulated as
IR tablets.
gastric environment.
insoluble coating.
• Insoluble coating- based
provides osmotic or diffusionlimited drug release.
or diffusion- limited drug
release.
so.
designed for
rapid drug release on
administration.
(analgesic)
• Ritalin CR
Tablets
(continued)
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