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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5320_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана
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N
=
η
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226
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery
thus called shear- thinning
•
(Figure 12.1c).
•
12.3.3 Dilatant (Shear- Thickening) Flow
thickershearthickening
leads to the reduction in free -
•
•
tDDt is the applied
**e
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Rheology
227
NeN
N
N
12.4 Thixotropy
12.4.1 Hysteresis Loop
Figure 12.2.
Figure 12.3Figure 12.2a, the
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228
FIGURE 12.2
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery
FIGURE 12.3
t1
t2t1t1 and
t2 in Figure 12.3
shear is attributed to a reduction in the degree or amount of structure in the sample.
t1 and t2
Figure 12.3
for times t1 and t2Figure 12.3. It is important to bear in mind
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Rheology
12.5 Pharmaceutical Applications of Rheology
229
shelf life) and result in an inadequate formulation.
•
®
•
•
•
tablet coating.
•
behavior.
Review Questions
12.1
A
B
12.2
A
B
C
D
E
12.3
12.4
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FURTHER READINGS
Applied Physical Pharmacy,
Pharmaceutical Emulsions and Suspensions
APh’s Complete Review
for Pharmacy
Remington’s The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 20th
Martin’s Physical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery
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13
Radiopharmaceuticals
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
On the completion of this chapter, the students should be able to
1.
2.
3.
4.
6.
7.
13.1 Introduction
-
tion to convert.
13.1.1 Types of Radiation
1.
210
Po84
206
Po82
231
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232
TABLE 13.1
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery
Property Alpha Rays Beta Rays Gamma Rays
Composition Identical to the nucleus of
4
Charge Positive (2+ )
Mass Four
Penetration depth Medium
Principal application
sources
Electrons or positrons
(1+ ) positron
agents
2.
processes: electron emission, positron emission, and electron capture.
•
33
•
mass remains the same.
•
particles are emitted at the speed of light.
3.
in .
13.1.2 Units of Radioactivity
to radiation is quantitated in roentgen (R). One rad represents the amount of radiation that releases the
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Radiopharmaceuticals
233
13.1.3 Radiation Safety
•
•
•
•
• Oral mucositis, leading to sore mouth or oral ulcers
monitoring.
guidelines are recommended for the users:
1. Time
2. Distance
use of devices to manipulate or move stored containers of radioactive material.
3. Shielding-
4. Quantity
conditions.
13.2 Biomedical Applications of Radiopharmaceuticals
those radioisotopes are incorporated).
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13.2.1 Radioactive Tracers and Diagnosis
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery
14
14C radioisotope detection in breath can be used to detect the presence of ulcer- causing bacteria
131
Cr, and metabolic studies using
Helicobacter pylori
For the use of radioisotopes as diagnostic agents and tracers, the dose of radiation administered to the
99m
99
in medicine. 99
99
uses the needed quantities of
99m
99Mo degrades to
99m
13.2.2 Radiotherapy
administration to the patient as a drug.
1. -
60Co) and cesium (
137
2.
90
• Colloidal gold (
198
131
I as sodium iodide), and palladium (
198
Au), iridium (
192
Ir), phosphorus (32P as sodium
103
P).
•
192
Ir) seeds at periodic intervals can be implanted into the
• Radiophosphorus (32
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Radiopharmaceuticals
32P accumulates in the
• 90
• Iodine (
131
•
67
131
131
131
13.3 Radiation Detection Equipment
1. Scintillation detector for the detection of gamma- radiation emitting probes. A scintillation probe
131
2.
in vitro testing (such as drug
release or dissolution) and in vivo samples after digestion into a homogeneous liquid (such as
3.
positron- emitting radionuclide 18
A similar nuclear medicine tomographic (providing 3D information in 2D cross- sectional slices)
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