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296
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery
Preservatives: Preservatives are often added in aqueous suspensions because suspending agents
preservatives are listed in .
6. Sweeteners, avors, and colorants
-
atric formulations.
TABLE 16.2
Typical Concentration
Name
Alcohols
Ethanol
Surfactants
Acids
Sorbic acid
Parabens
0.2
Source: Ofner, C.M., Schnaare, R.I., Suspensions,
Cont ent/ Docs/ PS/ 09_ Susp ensi ons.pdf, last
accessed December 2016.
Range (% w/ w)
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Suspensions
TABLE 16.3
297
Ingredients % w/ w Use
A. Benzoyl Peroxide Topical Suspension
Drug
Suspending agent
Suspending agent
10 Solvent
Phosphoric acid 0.03
100 Solvent
B. Triamcinolone Diacetate Parenteral Suspension
4.0 Drug
3.0 Suspending agent
0.2
Sodium chloride
0.9 Microbial preservative
100 Solvent
16.5.1 Flocculation
Flocculation
interparticle attraction forces, leading to aggregation. Aggregation
Figure 16.1 illustrates the
Figure 16.2
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298
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery
FIGURE 16.1
FIGURE 16.2
Figure 16.3).
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Suspensions
FIGURE 16.3
strong bonds.
299
1. Electrolytes
2. Surfactants-
3. Hydrophilic polymers
the surfaces of the dispersed particles, thus acting as protective colloids.
zeta potential is
F
V
V
0
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300
TABLE 16.4
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery
Property Flocculated Suspension Deocculated Suspension
Sedimentation rate Faster
Forces of attraction predominate over
the repulsive forces
forces
.
16.5.2 Quantitating the Degree of Flocculation
Figure 16.4, the sedimentation volume, F
Vu, to the original volume of the suspension, V0 before
u
=
F
16.5.3 Physics of Particle Sedimentation: Stokes’ Law
−
(
)
−
(
)
918
12
ρρ
η
ρρ
η
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Suspensions
FIGURE 16.4
301
2
2
gr gd
=
12
Vr is the particle radius; d is the particle diameter;
2
=
ρ
and
ρ
are
1
2
gη
2
stable suspensions.
16.6 Manufacturing Process
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302
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery
production- scale suspensions on a commercial scale.
bottles using automated liquid dispensing machines.
Review Questions
16.1
A Flocculation is desirable for pharmaceutical suspensions.
B
C
D
E
16.2
A
B
C
D
16.3
A
B
C
D
16.4
3 and a mean diameter, d
ρ
, of 1.010 g/ cm3
0
16.6
ρ3 in
ρ
, of 1.1 g/ cm3
0
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Suspensions
16.7
A Particle diameter
B
C Surface charge on the particles
D
16.8
A
B
C
D
16.9
A Surfactant
B
C
D Cosolvent
16.10
A
B
C
D
303
FURTHER READINGS
Ansel’s Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery
Systems
Modern
Pharmaceutics
Theory and Practice of Contemporary Pharmaceutics,
Ofner C.M., and Schnaare R.I. (2016) Suspensions.
PS/ 09_ Susp ensi ons.pdf, last accessed December 2016.
Martin’s Physical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Textbook of Physical Pharmaceutics
Int J Pharm 60
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17
Emulsions
On completion of this chapter, the students should be able to
1.
2.
3.
4.
6.
7.
17.1 Introduction
semisolid in nature. Pharmaceutical emulsions are used for the administration of nutrients, drugs, and diag-
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Increased drug bioavailabilityP values (par-
require the dissolution step. In addition, oral administration of a drug as an emulsion involves
2. Increased drug stability
3. Prolonged drug action
drug absorption time.
DOI: 10.1201/9781003389378-20
304
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Emulsions
dosage forms for oral administration.
17.2 Types of Emulsions
(Figure 17.1).
17.2.1 Oil- in- Water Emulsion
17.2.2 Water- in- Oil Emulsion
FIGURE 17.1
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