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136 Wild Edible Plants
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Antioxidant Compounds in Wild
5
Edible Berries
Viktor Stabnikov, Olena Stabnikova, and Octavio Paredes- López
5.1 INTRODUCTION
It is a widely known fact, conrmed by numerous epidemiological studies, that a diet rich in vegetables and fruits can reduce the risk of developing many chronic disorders, including heart diseases, hypertension and stroke, diabetes, and prevent some types of cancer. A signicant role in this positive effect of plant food consumption on human health is played by the substances present in it that have antioxidant activity.
Antioxidants are the chemical substances that protect cells from damage caused by free radicals, unstable reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are produced in the oxidation processes taking place in the human body. ROS are unstable, short- lived, and highly reactive molecular compounds, such as oxygen ions, hydroxyl radical, super­oxide anion radical, peroxides, and oxygen singlet, containing one or more unpaired electrons in their atomic orbital. The human body producing free radicals during a normal metabolism can handle a certain amount and even needs them to function effect­ively. Cells also produce endogenous antioxidants, molecules that can donate an elec­tron to a free radical that neutralize it, reducing its ability to cause damage. However, under stress conditions and other external factors, an excess of free radicals is formed, which can cause irreversible changes. Free radicals can damage cell membranes and other structures, including lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, and could be a trigger for some human diseases, such as heart and liver diseases, type- 2 diabetes, certain cancers, and aging (Lobo et al., 2010). Meanwhile, antioxidants present in foods, such as fruits and vegetables (Lourenço et al., 2019; Rahaman et al., 2023; Stanner & Weichselbaum,
2013), could scavenge free radicals and neutralize them (Huang et al., 2005).
143DOI: 10.1201/9781003486794-5
144 Wild Edible Plants
Antioxidants of plants include substances such as vitamin C, tocopherols, carotenoids, and phenolic compounds (Lourenço et al., 2019; Paredes- López et al., 2010).
Despite the fact that there is a huge range of values depending on the genotype and the inuence of external factors, all berries are rich sources of phenolic compounds, avonoids, and anthocyanins. At the same time, even if the same methods for studying phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity are used, the data obtained by researchers working in different laboratories may vary due to the presence of unaccounted nuances of the methodology applied. Moreover, the data in the works of researchers are presented as their content in fresh berries, in dry berries, or in their pulp, as well as concentration in liquid extracts when using various extractants and extraction techniques or in relation to the solids in the extract. This signicantly complicates the possibility of generalizing the accumulated experience in this area of research. In our review, only works in which the authors characterize the composition of wild berries in relation to their fresh weight were used. However, general conclusions can be drawn despite the existence of some discrepancies.
5.2 WILD BERRIES AS A SOURCE OF ANTIOXIDANTS
Representatives of the Rosaceae family and the genus Vaccinium from the Ericaceae family constitute the largest group of berries widely consumed as food by the world’s population. Thus, the Rosaceae family include a wide variety of wild berries popular in human diets like Prunus padus (bird cherry), Prunus spinosa (blackthorn or sloe), Fragaria vesca (strawberry), Rosa canina (dog rose, rosehips), Crataegus monogyna (hawthorn), Sorbus aucuparia (rowan berry, mountain ash), wild raspberry (Rubus idaeus), Rubus chamaemorus (cloudberry), Rubus ulmifolius (elmleaf blackberry or thornless blackberry), Aronia melanocarpa (black chokeberry), and others. Wild berries belonging to the genus Vaccinium of the Ericaceae family are represented by Vaccinium myrtillus (blueberry or bilberry), Vaccinium corymbosum (the northern highbush blueberry), Vaccinium vitis- idaea (lingonberry, cowberry), Vaccinium macrocarpon (American cranberry), Vaccinium oxycoccos (small cranberry, bog cranberry, swamp cranberry, wild cranberry) and Vaccinium uliginosum (bog bilberry, bog whortleberry). Among other wild berries, there are Sambucus nigra (black elderberry) and Viburnum opulus (guelder rose, snowball tree, viburnum, highbush- cranberry, European cran­berry bush) species of the Adoxaceae family; Berberis vulgaris (barberry) belonging to family Berberidaceae (Table 5.1). The content, mg/ 100 g fresh weight (FW) of vitamin C and carotenoids; content of total phenolic compounds (TPC), mg gallic acid equiva­lent (GAE)/ 100 g FW; total avonoid compounds (TFC), mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/ 100 g FW; content of anthocyanins, mg100 g FW, in some wild berries are shown in Table 5.1.
Numerous studies have shown that the chemical composition and content of bio­logically active substances in berries depends on varieties, climatic conditions, soil type, and time of harvesting. However, despite the wide diversity of phytochemical
TABLE 5.1 Antioxidants and antioxidant activities of some wild berries
BERRY
VITAMIN C, MG/ 100 G FWCAROTENOIDS,
MG/ 100 G FW
TPC, MG GAE/ 100 G FW
TFC, MG QE/ 100 G FW
ANTHOCYANINS, MG/ 100 G FW
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY, PER 100 G FW (METHOD)
PLACE OF GROWTH REFERENCE
newgenrtpdf
Bird cherry
(Prunus padus)
Blackthorn
(Prunus spinosa)
76.07 n.a 194.22 n.a 147 1.78 mM Fe (FRAP)
n.a 1.26 1105.33 260.23 207 3.15 mM TE
(FRAP)
25.5 n.a n.a n.a n.a 0.10 mM TE
2+
Italy Donno et al.,
2018
Slovenia Mikulic- Petkovsek
et al., 2016,
Turkey Celik et al., 2017
(ABTS)
3.8 n.a 407.0 n.a 41.3 n.a Turkey Ertürk et al.,
2009
n.a 1.09 423.48 284.56 234 1.30 mM TE
(FRAP)
23.8 n.a n.a n.a n.a 4.36 mM TE (ABTS)
5.14 - 15.35 n.a 1851- 3825 n.a n.a 5.08 mM TE (ABTS)
,Slovania Mikulic- Petkovsek
et al., 2016
Poland Sikora еt al.,
2013
Spain Ruiz- Rodríguez
et al., 2014
n.a n.a 153- 2094 42- 131 n.a n.a Serbia Veličković et al.,
2014
n.a n.a 134- 473 n.a 3.5 3.59- 5.51 mM
TE (ABTS)
Spain Ganhao et al.,
2010
n.a n.a n.a n.a 58.41 n.a Sweden Määttä- Riihinen
et al., 2004
(continued)
Antioxidant Compounds in Wild Edible Berries 145