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76 Wild Edible Plants
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Wild Edible Plants in the Manufacturing
3
of Bakery and Meat Products
Anastasiia Shevchenko, Svitlana Litvynchuk, Yuliia Zaporozhets, Vira Drobot, Oleg Galenko, and Oleksandr Shevchenko
3.1 INTRODUCTION
Wild plants have been used in traditional medicine for millennia since ancient times. Meanwhile, many wild plants are edible. Besides their delicious taste and aroma, they also have high content of vitamins, minerals, and polyphenols. Due to this, they can be added to different food products improving not only their sensory properties but also enhancing their nutritional value and antioxidant capacity (Stabnikova et al., 2021,
2024). Consumption of food products containing such plant materials helps strengthen the immune system, increase resistance to infections, and improve health and well­being. Lamium (Lámium album) and cumin (Cuminum cyminum) belong to such wild edible plants.
3.1.1 Morphological Features and Growing
Conditions of Lamium and Black Cumin
The genus Lamium belongs to the family Lamiaceae. Lamium (Lamium album) is a per­ennial plant that reaches 50– 60 cm high. It grows in different places, such as elds and
84
DOI: 10.1201/9781003486794-3
Wild Edible Plants in the Manufacturing of Bakery/Meat Products 85
wastelands, roadsides, along fences, at the edges of forests and among bushes, along banks and hedgerows (Sevindik, 2020). The plant is widespread in Europe and Asia, North Africa, and North America (Batsatsashvili et al., 2016). The leaves are oval or heart- shaped, the structure is reticulate and veined. The leaves are arranged in pairs on the stems, each pair at right angles to those above and below. The edge of the leaf is toothed without stinging hairs. The stems are square and hollow, the owers are white with two lips. The owers have two pairs of stamens, one of which is long and the other is shorter (Tobyn et al., 2011). When damaged, this plant has a strong unpleasant smell. Lamium is easy to grow, it tolerates most soils and conditions as it grows well even on heavy clay soils. Sunny places are preferable, although it feels good in partial shade. Plants can withstand temperatures down to – 25°C. Lamium is too weedy to grow in the ower garden, but it grows well in the wild garden. These plants self- sow easily and do not require human intervention. Division is possible at almost any time of the growing season (Hwang et al., 2015).
Black cumin (Nigella sativa) is an annual owering plant belonging to the Ranunculaceae family. It is an erect annual plant that grows up to 20– 60 cm tall with branching stems (Hailemichael et al., 2016). The leaves are divided and the roots are straight taproot (Dubey et al., 2016). The ower is hermaphrodite without involucres of bracts, and the peduncle is long and erect (Shariq et al., 2015). The ripe fruit contains numerous tiny seeds. Black cumin seeds are triangular and have a rough surface. Seed is at on one side and convex on the other, with tapered curved ends (Margout et al.,
2013). The seeds are black on the outside and white on the interior, with a mild odor and a bitter taste (Ali et al., 2016). Black cumin is grown in the Middle East, Europe, Asia, Syria, Turkey, and Saudi Arabia. To maximize yield, a growing season with rainfall between 120 and 400 millimeters may be sufcient. It thrives in temperatures ranging from 0 to 25ºC, with 12– 14°C. Warm temperature is required for black cumin to develop quickly, and full sun is best for bloom production. It will survive some shade, but it will not ower much. A healthy, well- drained soil is ideal for growing black cumin, but it may grow on a variety of other types of soils. The best soil for growing is a sandy loam with pH range from 7.0 to 7.5 and high microbiological activity (Alshammari, 2017; Shariq et al., 2015).
3.1.2 Chemical Composition of Lamium and
Black Cumin
Both laminium and black cumin are rich in bioactive compounds with important biological properties. Chemical composition of lamium includes amino acids, monosaccharides, avonoids, hydroxycinnamic acids, terpenoids, anthocyanins, phenylpropanoids, benzoxazinoids, phytoecdysteroids, and betaine (Czerwińska et al., 2017; Ghoneim et al., 2018; Usmani & Almoselhy, 2024). Chemical composition of dry extract from lamium leaves is shown in Table 3.1.
Phenolics and essential oils are mostly studied bioactive compounds of lamium (Matkowski et al., 2008). Total essential oils consist of 0.01– 0.31% of dry matter (DM) of lamium. Oil from the dried owers contains, % of DM: sesquiterpenes, 42.1±0.01; alkanes, 22.0±0.01; aldehydes, 12.9±0.01; monoterpenes, 3.4±0.01; alcohols, 2.8±0.01;