Теоретико-правовые основы оперативно-розыскной деятельности таможенных органов Российской Федерации. Монография

ɰɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɥ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɈɊɉ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ – ɱɥɟɧɨɜ Ɍɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɸɡɚ;

4.Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɎɌɋ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɤɚɤ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɭɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɚ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ:

–ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɭɸ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɭ ɧɢɯ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɈɊȾ;

–ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɭɸ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɟɪɟɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɤɚɤ

ɜɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɚ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɪɨɡɵɫɤɧɨɣ ɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ;

–ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ (ɜ ɬ.ɱ. ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ) ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɢ ɭɱɟɛɵ ɨɧɢ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ, ɭɦɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɜɵɤɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɈɊȾ ɢ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɢɯ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɟɟɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ;

–ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɪɚɡɪɵɜɧɨɝɨ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɪɨɡɵɫɤɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɭɱɟɛɧɨ-ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɫɬɚɠɢɪɨɜɤɢ (ɫɪɨɤɨɦ ɨɬ 3-ɯ ɞɨ 6-ɬɢ ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ) ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚ, ɧɚ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɜ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹɯ, ɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ – ɧɚ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɚɯ ɢ ɜ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹɯ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɢ;

5.ȼ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ

ɢɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ ɩɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɈɊȾ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ:

–ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɤ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɦ ɚɤɬɚɦ ɢ ɚɪɯɢɜɧɵɦ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɪɨɡɵɫɤɧɵɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɭɸ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ;

–ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɢɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɜ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɧɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɨɜ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɈɊȾ

ɜɫɮɟɪɟ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɚ, ɨɩɵɬɚ ɫɵɫɤɧɨɣ (ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɪɨɡɵɫɤɧɨɣ) ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɈɊȾ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ;

–ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɊɎ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɈɊȾ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ

ɢɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɲɤɨɥ ɩɨɞ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪɫɤɨ-

51

ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɢ, ɢɦɟɸɳɟɝɨ ɭɱɟɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɢ ɡɜɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɈɊȾ;

– ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜ ɈɊȾ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ.

ɂɬɚɤ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɟɬɪɨɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ:

1.ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɵɫɤɧɨɣ (ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜ- ɧɨ-ɪɨɡɵɫɤɧɨɣ) ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɞɢɚɥɟɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɚ: ɱɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɚ, ɬɟɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɈɊȾ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ.

2.ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɫɵɫɤɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɢɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥɨ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɵɫɤɚ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɥ, ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ, ɮɨɪɦ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ (ɜɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɢ ɷɬɚ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɪɨɡɵɫɤɧɨɣ).

Ɂɧɚɱɢɬ, ɈɊȾ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɢɯ ɫɵɫɤɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɦɭɸ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨɛ ɭɝɪɨɡɚɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɚ ɢ ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɭɸɝɪɚɧɢɰɭɫɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯɫɢɥ, ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ, ɮɨɪɦɢɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ.

3.ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɬɪɨɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɹɬɶ ɷɬɚɩɨɜ (ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɜ) ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɵɫɤɧɨɣ (ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɪɨɡɵɫɤɧɨɣ) ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ.

ɇɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ (XVII–XVIII ɜɜ.) ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɵɫɤɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ

ɟɟɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɦɟɪ ɩɨ ɛɨɪɶɛɟ ɫ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɨɣ ɢ ɢɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɚ. ȼɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫɵɫɤɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ (ɦɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɮɢɫɤɚɥɵ ɢ ɨɫɜɟɞɨɦɢɬɟɥɢ). ɉɨɥɭɱɢɥɚ ɫɜɨɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɞɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɚɡɧɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɥɢɫɶ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɚɝɟɧɬɵ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɵɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɨɧɞɵ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɧɮɢɫɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɨɳɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ.

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ɇɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ (ɧɚɱɚɥɨ XIX ɜ. – 1917 ɝ.) ɜ ɞɨɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɥɨɫɶ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɵɫɤɧɵɯ (ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɪɨɡɵɫɤɧɵɯ) ɦɟɪ

ɜɫɮɟɪɟ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɚ, ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɨ «ɪɚɡɜɟɞɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɞɨɧɨɫ» (1819 ɝ.), ɩɨɹɜɢɜɲɟɟɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɟ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɫɜɨɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɟɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ, ɚɝɟɧɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɪɨɡɵɫɤɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɢɫɬɨɜ. ȼ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɪɨɡɵɫɤɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɟ, ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɪɵɧɤɟ, ɢɡɞɚɧɨ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɮɚ ȿ.Ɏ. Ʉɚɧɤɪɢɧɚ «ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜ» (1843 ɝ.). ȼ 1912 ɝ. ɜɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɂɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ ɱɢɧɨɜ Ɉɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɠɢ, ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɚɝɟɧɬɭɪɧɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɟ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ.

ɇɚ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ (1918–1991 ɝɝ.) ɜ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɞɨɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɵɫɤɧɵɯ (ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɪɨɡɵɫɤɧɵɯ) ɦɟɪ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɛɵɥɚ ɭɩɪɚɡɞɧɟɧɚ, ɚ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɈɊȾ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɧɵ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɝɨɫɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɦɢɥɢɰɢɸ ɫ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɡɚɩɪɟɬɚ ɜɦɟɲɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ

ɜɫɮɟɪɭ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧ. Ɍɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɥɢ ɛɨɪɶɛɭ ɫ ɩɪɟɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ȼɗȾ ɜɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ, ɧɟ ɢɦɟɹ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɟ ɢ ɢɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹɦ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɫɵɫɤɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɟɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ (ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɪɨɡɵɫɤɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ) ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɥɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ, ɚ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɚɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɮɨɪɦɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ.

ɇɚ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ (1991–2010 ɝɝ.) ɜ ɩɨɫɬɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɟɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɈɊȾ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɫ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɨɣ ɢ ɢɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɈɊɉ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɲɬɚɬɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɵ. Ɍɚɤ,

ɜ1996–2004 ɝɝ. ɈɊɉ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹɦ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ; ɜ 2004–2006 ɝɝ. – ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɪɟɲɟɧɚ, ɚ ɫɚɦɢ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɵ Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɭ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɊɎ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɧɟ ɨɬɪɚɡɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɈɊɉ; ɚ ɜ 2006–2010 ɝɝ. ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɢɤɢ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɬɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɨɬ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɈɊɉ (ɫɨɡɞɚɧɵ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɤɢ ɤ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɭ ɞɢɚɥɟɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɢ ɞɜɭɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɵɫɤɚ: ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɮɨɪɦ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɈɊȾ).

ɇɚ ɩɹɬɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ (ɫ 2010 ɝ. ɩɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ) ɜ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ Ɍɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɸɡɚ ɢ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɜɨɡɞɟɣ-

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ɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤ ɧɨɜɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɫɥɨɠɢɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɨɛɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ, ɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɈɊȾ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɊɎ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɚ.

4. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɈɊȾ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ:

–ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɭ ɧɢɯ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɈɊȾ;

–ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɢ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ Ɍɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɸɡɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɦɟɪ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɭ ɧɢɯ ɫɢɥ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɧɚ ɞɢɚɥɟɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɢ ɞɜɭɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɵɫɤɚ: ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɮɨɪɦ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɈɊȾ;

–ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ (ɫ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɢɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ) ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ (ɫ ɢɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɢɦɢ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ) ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ;

–ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ

ɢɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɤɚɤ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɚ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɪɨɡɵɫɤɧɨɣ ɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ;

–ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ (ɜ ɬ.ɱ. ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ) ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɢ ɭɱɟɛɵ ɨɧɢ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ, ɭɦɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɜɵɤɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɈɊȾ ɢ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɢɯ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɟɟɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ;

–ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɪɚɡɪɵɜɧɨɝɨ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɪɨɡɵɫɤɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɭɱɟɛɧɨ-ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɫɬɚɠɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɜ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɞ-

ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ

ɢɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚ, ɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ – ɧɚ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɚɯ ɢɜɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹɯ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɣɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɢ.

5.ȼ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ

ɢɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ ɩɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɈɊȾ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ:

– ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɤ ɧɟɨɛɯɨ-

54

ɞɢɦɵɦ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɦ ɚɤɬɚɦ ɢ ɚɪɯɢɜɧɵɦ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɪɨɡɵɫɤɧɵɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɭɸ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ;

–ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɢɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɜ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɧɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɨɜ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɈɊȾ

ɜɫɮɟɪɟ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɚ, ɨɩɵɬɚ ɫɵɫɤɧɨɣ (ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɪɨɡɵɫɤɧɨɣ) ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɈɊȾ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ;

–ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɲɤɨɥ ɩɨɞ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪɫɤɨ-ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɢ, ɢɦɟɸɳɟɝɨ ɭɱɟɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɢ ɡɜɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ

ɜɈɊɉ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ;

–ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜ ɈɊȾ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ.

Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɈɊȾ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɢɥɵ, ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ, ɮɨɪɦɵ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɷɬɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ, ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɸ, ɩɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɬɢɸ ɩɪɟɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɚ ɈɊȾ.

55

Ƚɥɚɜɚ 2 ɉɊȺȼɈȼɕȿ ɈɋɇɈȼɕ

ɈɉȿɊȺɌɂȼɇɈ-ɊɈɁɕɋɄɇɈɃ ȾȿəɌȿɅɖɇɈɋɌɂ ɌȺɆɈɀȿɇɇɕɏ ɈɊȽȺɇɈȼ ɊɈɋɋɂɂ

§ 1. Ɂɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɪɨɡɵɫɤɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ

ɢɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ

ȼɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɩɨɞ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɟɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɥɢɰ ɩɨ ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɢɸ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɯ ɧɨɪɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ

ɜɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ.

ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ – ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɟ, ɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɈɊȾ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɨɫɢɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ (ɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ) ɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ (ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɥɢɰ, ɩɨɫɹɝɚɸɳɢɦ ɧɚ ɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɭɝɨɥɨɜɧɵɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɧɨɪɦɵ) ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ. Ɂɧɚɱɢɬ, ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɈɊȾ – ɷɬɨ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɜɥɚɫɬɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɟ, ɞɥɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɢ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɧɟɣ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɢɯ ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ1.

Ɉɫɧɨɜɚ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɟɫɬɶ ɛɚɡɨɜɚɹ, ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ. ɉɪɢɱɟɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ – ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɟɞɢɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɜɫɟɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɟɪɚ- ɬɢɜɧɨ-ɪɨɡɵɫɤɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ2, ɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɣ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ – ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɚɤɬɚ.

1 ɋɦ.: Ɉɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɪɨɡɵɫɤɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ: ɍɱɟɛɧɢɤ. ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞ. Ʉ.Ʉ. Ƚɨɪɹɢɧɨɜɚ, ȼ.ɋ. Ɉɜɱɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ, Ⱥ.ɘ. ɒɭɦɢɥɨɜɚ. Ɇ.: ɂɇɎɊȺ-Ɇ, 2002. ɋ. 163.

2 ɉɪɚɜɨɜɵɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɈɊȾ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ, ɟɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ, ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɜ ɩɨɥɟ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɭɱɟɧɵɯ. ɗɬɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɟ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɵ ɬɪɭɞɵ ȼ.ɂ. Ȼɚɫɤɨɜɚ, Ⱥ.ɂ. Ƚɥɭɲɤɨɜɚ, Ʉ.Ʉ. Ƚɨɪɹɢɧɨɜɚ, ȿ.ɋ. Ⱦɭɛɨɧɨɫɨɜɚ, ȼ.ȼ. ɋɚɜɟɥɶɟɜɚ, ȼ.ɋ. Ɉɜɱɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ, Ɇ.Ⱥ. ɒɦɚɬɨɜɚ, Ⱥ.ɘ. ɒɭɦɢɥɨɜɚ ɢ ɞɪ. ɋɦ.: Ȼɚɫɤɨɜ ȼ.ɂ. Ɉɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɪɨɡɵɫɤɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ. Ɇ., 1997. 190 ɫ.; Ƚɥɭɲɤɨɜ Ⱥ.ɂ. Ɉɩɟɪɚ- ɬɢɜɧɨ-ɪɨɡɵɫɤɧɨɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɭɞɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ. Ɇ., 2005. 178 ɫ.; Ⱦɭɛɨɧɨɫɨɜ ȿ.ɋ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɵ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɪɨɡɵɫɤɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɇ., 2009. 350 ɫ.; ɋɚɜɟɥɶɟɜ ȼ.ȼ. ɋɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɚɜ ɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɞɟɥ ɈɊȾ (ɩɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ ɭɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɵɫɤɚ): Ⱥɜɬɨɪɟɮ. ɞɢɫ. … ɤɚɧɞ.

56

ɉɪɚɜɨɜɭɸ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɈɊȾ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ Ʉɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɹ ɊɎ, ɎɁ ɨɛ ɈɊȾ, ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɟ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ ɢɧɵɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɟ ɚɤɬɵ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɨɪɝɚɧɵ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɈɊȾ, ɢɡɞɚɸɬ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɣ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɚɤɬɵ, ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɬɚɤɬɢɤɭ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɈɊɆ1. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɩɪɚɜɨɜɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɈɊȾ ɞɜɭɯɭɪɨɜɧɟɜɚɹ: ɨɞɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɟɟ ɚɤɬɨɜ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦ2, ɚ ɞɪɭɝɚɹ – ɤ ɩɨɞɡɚɤɨɧɧɵɦ ɚɤɬɚɦ.

ɂɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɲɟ, ɩɨɞ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɈɊɉ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ, ɛɚɡɨɜɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ:

–Ʉɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɢ ɊɎ;

–ɨɛɳɟɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ ɢ ɧɨɪɦ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ, ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɧɵɯ ɊɎ3;

–ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ ɊɎ;

–ɩɨɞɡɚɤɨɧɧɵɯ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɯ ɚɤɬɨɜ, ɜ ɬ.ɱ. ɭɤɚɡɵ ɉɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɚ ɊɎ, ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɉɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɊɎ, ɦɟɠɜɟɞɨɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɜɟɞɨɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɟ ɚɤɬɵ (ɩɪɢɤɚɡɵ, ɧɚɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɞɪ.), ɞɟɬɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɬɚɤɬɢɤɭ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɈɊȾ.

Ʉɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɹ ɊɎ (ɫɬ. 1) ɩɪɨɜɨɡɝɥɚɲɚɟɬ ɊɎ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ ɫ ɪɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɹ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɜ ɬ.ɱ. ɢ ɈɊȾ. Ɉɧɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɵɫɲɭɸ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɢɥɭ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɈɊȾ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ. Ʉɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɹ (Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ Ɂɚɤɨɧ) ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɪɹɦɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɊɎ4 ɢ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɩɪɢɧ-

ɸɪɢɞ. ɧɚɭɤ. Ɇ, 2002. 26 ɫ.; ɒɦɚɬɨɜ Ɇ.Ⱥ. Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɈɊȾ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɭɝɨɥɨɜɧɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɯ ɧɚɭɤ. ȼɨɥɝɨɝɪɚɞ, 2001. 228 ɫ.; Ʉɭɪɫ ɨɫɧɨɜ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɪɨɡɵɫɤɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ: ɍɱɟɛɧɢɤ ɞɥɹ ɜɭɡɨɜ. 2-ɟ ɢɡɞ., ɞɨɩ. ɢ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛ. Ɇ.,: ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɞɨɦ ɒɭɦɢɥɨɜɨɣ ɂ.ɂ., 2007. 375 ɫ.; Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɨɩɟɪɚ- ɬɢɜɧɨ-ɪɨɡɵɫɤɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ: ɍɱɟɛɧɢɤ / ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞ. Ʉ.Ʉ. Ƚɨɪɹɢɧɨɜɚ, ȼ.ɋ. Ɉɜɱɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ, Ƚ.Ʉ. ɋɢɧɢɥɨɜɚ. Ɇ.: ɂɇɎɊȺ-Ɇ, 2006–ɏ. 832 ɫ.; Ɉɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɪɨɡɵɫɤɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ: ɍɱɟɛɧɢɤ. 2-ɟ ɢɡɞ., ɞɨɩ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛ. / ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞ. Ʉ.Ʉ. Ƚɨɪɹɢɧɨɜɚ, ȼ.ɋ. Ɉɜɱɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ, Ƚ.Ʉ. ɋɢɧɢɥɨɜɚ, Ⱥ.ɘ. ɒɭɦɢɥɨɜɚ. Ɇ.: ɂɇɎɊȺ-Ɇ, 2004. 848 ɫ. ɢ ɞɪ.

1 ɋɦ.: Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɡɚɤɨɧ «Ɉɛ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɪɨɡɵɫɤɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ». ɋɬ. 4.

2 ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɨɞ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɳɟɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɢ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɵ ɊɎ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɟɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɋɦ.: Ʉɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ. ɋɬ. 15, ɱ. 4.

3 ɉɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ ɫɦ.: ɩɚɪɚɝɪɚɮ 2 ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɵ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ. 4 ɋɦ.: Ʉɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ. ɋɬ. 15.

57

ɰɢɩɵ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɈɊɉ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɚɦɢ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɫ ɩɪɟɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɶɸ1.

Ʉɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɩɪɹɦɨɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɟɟ ɧɨɪɦ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɈɊȾ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɫɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɈɊɉ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɫɹ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɲɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɜ ɬ.ɱ. ɢɯ ɈɊɉ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɱ. 3 ɫɬ. 17 Ʉɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɢ ɊɎ, ɪɚɡɴɹɫɧɹɸɳɟɣ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɚɜ ɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɢɧɚ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɧɚɪɭɲɚɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɥɢɰ2.

Ʉɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɢ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɫɜɨɸ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɜ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɯ ɢ ɩɨɞɡɚɤɨɧɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɚɯ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɠɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɠɟ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɜ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɯ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɢ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ, ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɧɵɟ ɊɎ.

Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɊɎ, ɦɵ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɈɊɉ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ.

Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɡɚɤɨɧ «Ɉ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ», ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɣ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɊɎ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɞɨɝɨ- ɜɨɪɧɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɭɸ ɛɚɡɭ Ɍɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɸɡɚ, ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ Ɍɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɸɡɚ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɚ; ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɊɎ ɩɪɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɬɨɜɚɪɚɦɢ; ɫɨ-

1 ɉɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ ɜɵɫɲɟɣ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɚɜ ɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɢɧɚ (ɫɬ. 2) ɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɞɨɫɬɨɣɧɭɸ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɨɯɪɚɧɵ ɟɝɨ ɬɪɭɞɚ, ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ (ɫɬ. 7); ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ (ɫɬ. 17); ɨɯɪɚɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ (ɫɬ. 21), ɫɜɨɛɨɞɚ ɢ ɥɢɱɧɚɹ ɧɟɩɪɢɤɨɫɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ (ɫɬ. 22); ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɧɟɩɪɢɤɨɫɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɥɢɱɧɭɸ ɢ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɭɸ ɬɚɣɧɭ, ɡɚɳɢɬɭ ɱɟɫɬɢ ɢ ɞɨɛɪɨɝɨ ɢɦɟɧɢ, ɧɚ ɬɚɣɧɭ ɩɟɪɟɩɢɫɤɢ, ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ, ɩɨɱɬɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɥɟɝɪɚɮɧɵɯ ɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ (ɫɬ. 23); ɧɟɩɪɢɤɨɫɧɨɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɠɢɥɢɳɚ (ɫɬ. 25); ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɭɞɟɛɧɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɩɪɚɜ ɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞ (ɫɬ. 45 ɢ 46); ɩɪɟɡɭɦɩɰɢɹ ɧɟɜɢɧɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ (ɫɬ. 49); ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ (ɫɬ. 55).

2 ɋɦ.: ȼɢɬɪɭɤ ɇ.ȼ. ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɋɋɋɊ. Ɇ., 1980; ȿɮɪɟɦɨɜȺ.Ɇ. Ɉɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɚɜ ɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɢɧɚ ɜ ɈɊȾ: Ɍɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ: Ⱦɢɫ. … ɞ-ɪɚ ɸɪɢɞ. ɧɚɭɤ. ɋɉɛ., 2000; Ɍɟɨɪɢɹɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɢɩɪɚɜɚ: ɍɱɟɛɧɢɤ / ɉɨɞɪɟɞ. ɩɪɨɮ. ȼ.Ʉ. Ȼɚɛɚɟɜɚ. Ɇ., 1999; Ɍɹɦɤɢɧ Ⱥ.ȼ. Ɍɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɬɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɩɪɚɜ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɈɊȾ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɞɟɥ: Ⱥɜɬɨɪɟɮ. ɞɢɫ. … ɞ-ɪɚ ɸɪɢɞ. ɧɚɭɤ. ȼɨɥɝɨɝɪɚɞ, 2005; ɋɚɜɟɥɶɟɜ ȼ.ȼ. ɋɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɚɜ ɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɞɟɥ ɈɊȾ (ɩɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ ɭɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɵɫɤɚ): Ⱥɜɬɨɪɟɮ. ɞɢɫ. … ɤɚɧɞ. ɸɪɢɞ. ɧɚɭɤ. Ɇ., 2002; ɒɭɦɢɥɨɜ Ⱥ.ɘ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɵ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɈɊȾ ɜɊɨɫɫɢɢ: Ⱦɢɫ. … ɞ-ɪɚɸɪɢɞ. ɧɚɭɤ. ȼ 3 ɬ. Ɇ., 1997 ɢɞɪ.

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ɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɚ; ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜ ɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ ɥɢɰ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɭɸ ɫ ɜɜɨɡɨɦ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɜ ɊɎ ɢ ɢɯ ɜɵɜɨɡɨɦ ɢɡ ɊɎ, ɥɢɰ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɧɵɯ ɥɢɰ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɜɚɪɚɦɢ, ɜɜɟɡɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɊɎ ɢ ɜɵɜɨɡɢɦɵɦɢ ɢɡ ɊɎ; ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ȼɗȾ ɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɚ1.

ȼɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ ɊɎ ɈɊȾ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɩɪɟɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɧɟɨɬɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɢ ɞɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɨ ɭɝɨɥɨɜɧɨ-ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ ɊɎ ɤ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɰ, ɢɯ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɸɳɢɯ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɢɜɲɢɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɋȻ (ɩ. 5 ɱ. 1 ɫɬ. 19).

ȼɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɪɤɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ, ɜɡɪɵɜɱɚɬɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɨɪɭɠɢɹ, ɛɨɟɩɪɢɩɚɫɨɜ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɚɩɚɯɨɦ, ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɈɊɆ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɥɢɰɚ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜɢɦɟɸɬɩɪɚɜɨɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɥɭɠɟɛɧɵɯɫɨɛɚɤ (ɩ. 2 ɱ. 1 ɫɬ. 29).

Ⱦɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɤɚɞɪɨɜɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɨɛ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɨ ɬɚɤɬɢɤɟ, ɦɟɬɨɞɚɯ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɯ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɈɊȾ, ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɬ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɚɪɯɢɜɚɯ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ ɊɎ (ɱ. 1 ɫɬ. 33).

Ƚɥɚɜɚ 46 «Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɚɹ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɚ», ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɚɹ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ, ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ, ɜɜɨɡɢɦɵɯ ɜ ɊɎ ɢ ɜɵɜɨɡɢɦɵɯ ɢɡ ɊɎ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɡɴɹɬɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɦɟɧɭ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ.

ȼɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɞɚɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɤɚɤ ɈɊɆ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɪɨɥɶ ɎɌɋ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ2, ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɢɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɈɊȾ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɭɸ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɭ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɩɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɫ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ (ɱ. 1 ɫɬ. 319). Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɨɝɨ-

1 ɋɦ.: Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɡɚɤɨɧ «Ɉ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ» ɨɬ 27.11.2010 ʋ 311-ɎɁ. ɋɬ. 1, ɱ. 1.

2 Ʉɚɤ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɭɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɚ.

59

ɜɨɪɨɜ ɊɎ ɢɥɢ ɩɨ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɵɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ (ɱ. 2 ɫɬ. 319)1.

ɉɪɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɜɜɨɡɢɦɵɯ ɜ ɊɎ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɜɨɡɢɦɵɯ ɢɡ ɊɎ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ, ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɚɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɡɚɩɪɟɳɟɧɚ ɥɢɛɨ ɨɛɨɪɨɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ ɊɎ, ɷɬɢ ɬɨɜɚɪɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɥɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɢɡɴɹɬɵ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɦɟɧɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɨɦ ɉɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ ɊɎ. Ɍɨɜɚɪɵ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɭɸ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɥɢɛɨ ɫɥɭɠɚɳɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɪɭɠɢɹ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɬ ɡɚɦɟɧɟ ɜ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɨɦ ɉɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ ɊɎ (ɫɬ. 320).

ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ «Ɉɛ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɪɨɡɵɫɤɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ» ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɈɊȾ2.

ɇɚɡɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɈɊȾ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ

ɢɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ. Ɉɧ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ, ɡɚɞɚɱɢ, ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ

ɢɩɪɚɜɨɜɭɸ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɈɊȾ; ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɈɊɆ, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɹ ɢɯ ɜɢɞɵ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ; ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɫɭɞɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɨɛ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɈɊɆ; ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɈɊȾ; ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɈɊȾ; ɩɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ, ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɡɚɳɢɬɭ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɨɛ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ, ɟɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ; ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɭɸ ɡɚɳɢɬɭ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɥɢɰ – ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɈɊȾ; ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɈɊȾ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɢ ɧɚɞɡɨɪ ɡɚ ɟɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ.

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ ɈɊȾ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɩɪɟɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɢ ɢɯ ɈɊɉ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɭɸɬɫɹ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɍɝɨɥɨɜɧɨ-ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɞɟɤɫɚ ɊɎ (ɍɉɄ ɊɎ).

ɍɉɄ ɊɎ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ, ɤɚɤ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɈɊȾ, ɩɪɚɜɚɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ ɞɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ (ɩ. 1 ɱ. 1 ɫɬ. 40 ɍɉɄ ɊɎ). ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩ. 5 ɱ. 3 ɫɬ. 151 ɍɉɄ ɊɎ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɧɚɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɞɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɭɝɨɥɨɜɧɵɦ ɞɟɥɚɦ ɨ ɩɪɟɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹɯ, ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɱ. 1 ɫɬ. 188 ɢ ɫɬ. 194 ɍɄ ɊɎ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɧɟɨɬɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɨ ɭɝɨɥɨɜɧɵɦ ɞɟɥɚɦ ɨ ɩɪɟɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹɯ, ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɱ. 2–4 ɫɬ. 188, ɫɬ. 189, 190, 193 ɍɄ ɊɎ (ɩ. 3 ɱ. 2 ɫɬ. 157 ɍɉɄ ɊɎ). Ɉɩɪɟɞɟ-

1 ɍɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɟ ɞɟɥɨ ɜ ɊɎ ɧɟ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɦ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɭɸ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɭ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ, ɧɟɡɚɦɟɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɜɟɞɨɦɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɤɭɪɨɪɚ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ ɊɎ.

2 ɋɦ.: Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɡɚɤɨɧ «Ɉɛ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɪɨɡɵɫɤɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ» ɨɬ 12.08.1995 ʋ 144-

ɎɁ. ɋɬ. 13.

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