Теоретическая грамматика (английский язык). Практикум

Предисловие

Дисциплина «Теоретическая грамматика (английский язык)» ставит своей целью, вместе с комплексным описанием грамматического строя английского языка, дать обобщающее введение в

проблематику современных грамматических исследований и, соответственно, в методику научно-грамматического анализа языкового материала.

Особенностью курса является интегративное представление морфологии и синтаксиса как единой системы речеобразования. В этой связи в данном пособии представлены: теория уровней языка, оппозиционная теория грамматических категорий с раскрытием контекстного поведения грамматических форм, проблематика парадигматического синтаксиса с его выходом в грамматику текста.

Особое внимание уделяется рассмотрению грамматической семантики во всех разделах предлагаемого описания, что соответствует современному когнитивному подходу к языку в целом.

Теоретическая грамматика – дисциплина, дающая на основе новейших методов анализа возможность теоретического осмысления строя языка как системы взаимосвязанных явлений. Данная дисциплина обеспечивает теоретическую базу для практического изучения иностранного языка в целом. Знания и умения, полученные в рамках данной дисциплины, помогают студенту сформировать в свете современной науки систематизированное представление о грамматическом строе английского языка; получить, расширить и углубить системные знания по специальности; видеть явления языка в их целости, взаимосвязи и взаимозависимости.

Изучение материала по дисциплине должно осуществляться в логической последовательности и взаимосвязи с такими дисциплинами как «Практикум по культуре речевого общения (первый иностранный язык)» и «История, культура и литература стран изучаемых языков». Данная дисциплина реализует междисциплинарные связи со многими теоретическими и практическими дисциплинами языкового цикла и закладывает практические основы профессиональной деятельности.

Предлагаемые методические материалы ориентированы на организацию и проведение практических занятий для студентов, обучающихся по направлению подготовки 45.03.02 Лингвистика.

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ПРАКТИКУМ

1. THE SUBJECT OF THEORETICAL GRAMMAR

Цель: сформировать понятие грамматики; рассмотреть ветви теоретической грамматики, её взаимосвязь с другими дисциплинами.

Знания и умения, приобретаемые студентами: студенты должны усвоить базовые понятия теоретической грамматики, выявлять синтагматические и парадигматические отношения в словах, уметь анализировать предложения на языковых уровнях.

Формируемые компетенции: ОПК-3.

Актуальность темы определяется тем, что в ее рамках осваиваются ключевые понятия теоретической грамматики, формируются навыки выявления синтагматических и парадигматических отношений в словах, а также анализа предложения на языковых уровнях.

Теоретическая часть Theoretical part

Grammar, whose subject matter is the observable organization of words into various combinations, takes that which is common and basic in linguistic forms and gives in an orderly way accurate descriptions of the practice to which users of the language conform.

Grammar as a science treats of the laws of language and provides the basic principles of language. It considers and examines language from its smallest parts up to its most complex organization. Grammar classifies words into all sorts of categories and states the peculiarities of each category, it classifies the various ways in which words are used for conveyance of ideas.

The notion of “grammar” comes from Greek word “grammatike” which is the derivation from the word “gramma” – “a letter, writing”

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ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКАЯ ГРАММАТИКА ( А Н Г Л И Й С К И Й Я З Ы К )

(буква, написание). According to linguistic tradition this term is used to denote

a)grammatical structure of language;

b)the branches of linguistics studying its structure

c)a textbook, containing information about its structure.

As a science, grammar is traditionally subdivided into two divisions: morphology and syntax. Morphology studies word-building and word-derivation. The object of morphology is a morphological structure of words, described in such terms as a root, a prefix, flexion and so on. The object of morphology is a paradigmatics of a word, i.e. the laws of the form changing according to word-derivation categories (for example, the category of number in nouns table – tables, tense in verbs – walk – walked) and so on. Syntax studies the theories of word combinations and theory of a sentence. The theory of a word combination studies the nature of its components, the problem of word syntagmatics, types of syntactic links (relations), types of word combinations and so on. The theory of a sentence is a study of structural and communicative types of sentences, ways of connections in a composite sentence, types of subordinate sentences in compound sentences and so on.

Though it is very difficult to make concrete difference between grammar and usage. In the process of the development of any language the structure of a language is formed by the analysis of the cases of usage of different forms of the words, structures, sentences. The most frequent cases become grammatical rules. But language continues to change according to its inner laws and outer factors, connected with the social condition changes (scientific and technical progress, social and regional differentiation of the society, strengthening or loosing the influence of foreign language culture, appearing and development of mass media and so on).

Вопросы, выносимые на обсуждение Points for discussion

1.What is grammar?

2.What is the difference between theoretical and practical gram-

mar?

3.What is the aim of theoretical grammar?

4.How is grammar connected with other disciplines?

5.The subject of theoretical grammar.

6.The history of theoretical grammar: Early (Prenormative) grammars, Prescriptive grammars, Classical Scientific grammar, Prescriptive

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ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКАЯ ГРАММАТИКА ( А Н Г Л И Й С К И Й Я З Ы К )

2. MORPHEMIC STRUCTURE OF THE WORD

Цель: сформировать понятия морфемной структуры слова, морфа, морфемы, алломорфа, рассмотреть различные классификации морфем, а также сформировать навыки морфемного анализа слова в соответствии с традиционной и дистрибутивной классификацией.

Знания и умения, приобретаемые студентами: студенты должны усвоить базовые понятия морфемной структуры слова, морфа, морфемы, алломорфа; уметь проводить дистрибутивный анализ слова.

Формируемые компетенции: ОПК-3.

Актуальность темы определяется тем, что в ее рамках осваиваются ключевые понятия теоретической грамматики, формируются навыки морфемного анализа слова в соответствии с традиционной и дистрибутивной классификацией.

Теоретическая часть Theoretical part

The word is the nominative unit of language built up by morphemes and indivisible into smaller segments as regards its nominative function. In traditional grammar the study of the morphemic structure of the word is based upon two criteria.

The properties of the morpheme and the word are fundamental from the point of view of their systemic status and therefore require detailed investigations and descriptions. The morpheme is a meaningful segmental component of the word; the morpheme is formed by phonemes; as a meaningful component of the word it is elementary (i.e. indivisible into smaller segments as regards its significative function). The word is a nominative unit of language; it is formed by morphemes; it enters the lexicon of language as its elementary component (i.e. a component indivisible into smaller segments as regards its nominative function); together with other nominative units the word is used for the formation of the sentence – a unit of information in the communication process.

In traditional grammar the study of the morphemic structure of the word was conducted in the light of the two basic criteria: positional criterion (the location of the marginal morphemes in relation to the central ones) and semantic or functional criterion (the correlative contribution of the morphemes to the general meaning of the word). The combination of these two criteria in an integral description has led to the rational classification of morphemes that is widely used both in research linguistic work and in practical lingual tuition.

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In accord with the traditional classification, morphemes on the upper level are divided into root-morphemes (roots) and affixal morphemes (grammatical and lexical). The roots express the concrete, «material» part of the meaning of the word, while the affixes express the specificational part of the meaning of the word, the specifications being of lexico-semantic and grammatico-semantic character.

The roots of notional words are classical lexical morphemes. The affixal morphemes include prefixes, suffixes, and inflexions (in the tradition of the English school, grammatical inflexions are commonly referred to as «suffixes»).

The root, according to the positional content of the term (i.e. the border-area between prefixes and suffixes), is obligatory for any word, while affixes are not obligatory. Therefore one and the same morphemic segment of functional (i.e. non-notional) status, depending on various morphemic environments, can in principle be used as an affix (mostly, a prefix), or as a root.

In the distributional analysis at the morphemic level, phonemic distribution of morphemes and morphemic distribution of morphemes are discriminated. The study is conducted in two stages. At the first stage, the analysed text (i.e. the collected lingual materials, or «corpus») is divided into recurrent segments consisting of phonemes. These segments are called «morphs», i.e. morphemic units distributionally uncharacterized, e.g.: the/boat/s/were/gain/ing/ speed.

At the second stage, the environmental features of the morphs are established and the corresponding identifications are effected.

Вопросы, выносимые на обсуждение Points for discussion

1.What is the correlation between notional and functional words?

2.What is the basic difference between the morpheme and the word as language units?

3.What is a morph?

4.What is a morpheme?

5.What does the difference between a morpheme and an allomorph consist in?

6.What principles underlie the traditional study of the morphemic composition of the word?

7.What principles is the distributional analysis of morphemes based on?

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ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКАЯ ГРАММАТИКА ( А Н Г Л И Й С К И Й Я З Ы К )

8.With what meaning of morpheme are we concerned in grammar?

9.Give the definitions of “suffix”, “inflection”, “ending”.

10.What types of word-form derivation do you know?

Задания Exercises

Exercise I. State the morphological composition of the following words.

Snow, sandstone, impossibility, widower, opinion, exclamation, passer-by, misunderstanding, inactivity, snowball, kingdom, mother– of-pearl, population, pretty, bushy, homeless, thoughtful, improbable, shaky, deep-blue, illegible, courageous, to worry, to forbid, to retell, to retire, to do away, to befriend, to disobey

Exercise II. State the meaning of the affix.

Un-, in-, dis-, non-, re-, mis-, en-, de-, over-, under-, pre-, post-, anti-, counter-, co-, inter-, ex-, sub-, super-, trans-, ultra-, -er, -or, -ist, -ian, -ee, -age, -al, -ance, -dom, -hood, -ion, -ment, -ness, -our, -ship, -th, -ty, -able, -al, -ant, -ary, -en, -ful, -ic, -less, -ate, -fy, -ize, -ly

Exercise III. Do the morphemic analysis of the words on the lines of the traditional and distributional classifications.

MODEL: Do the morphemic analysis of the word “inseparable”.

On the lines of the traditional classification the word “inseparable” is treated as a three-morpheme word consisting of the root “-separ-”, the prefix “in-” and the lexical suffix “-able”.

On the lines of distributional analysis the root “-separ-” is a bound, overt, continuous, additive morpheme; the prefix “in-” is bound, overt, continuous, additive; the suffix “-able” is bound, overt, continuous, additive.

Quiet, perceptions, unmistakable, bell, unbelievably, glassy, inexplicable, semidarkness, sing – sangsinging – singer, disfigured, underspecified, outlandish.

Exercise IV. Group the words according to a particular type of morphemic distribution.

MODEL: worked – bells – tells – telling – spells – spelled – spelt – felled – bell

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