Теоретическая грамматика (английский язык). Практикум

Задания Exercises

Exercise 1. Find the grammatical meaning of the following sentences

The car started. Danny smiled. The gardener grew tulips. The audience received the actor enthusiastically. The boy agreed readily. The door is closed. Close the door. The situation was odd.

Exercise 2. Determine whether the following word consequences are phrases or sentences.

Man took. Please speak out. On the table. I closed. Beautiful dress. Nice little table. Bart lit a cigarette. Shake hands. He heard the music. I agree. Left yesterday.

Exercise 3. Point out the notional words in the following sentences and mark them with appropriate symbols:

He nodded slowly. He climbed the ladder. Silence followed the crash. I closed my eyes. They called the woman Nanny. The old man sighed unhappily. The steward returned with a jug of iced water. She bought the countryside shoes cheap. We resumed the conversation reluctantly.

Exercise 4. Point out the functional words in the following sentences and state what kind they are:

The village was surrounded on all sides by mountains. A faint sigh of relief escaped her. There is a letter for you here. Whose book did Alice take? He danced me out of the room. The tree will die for want of water. Why do you? Don’t you think that it’s rather a risk? Oh, but, Charles, you must come. The marble floor glittered like water and there was no glass in the windows.

Exercise 5. Represent the following sentences in symbols:

The curtain rises. They shook hands. The bots drove his car away. Sell left yesterday. The parents called the newly-born Julia. We found the room empty. The weather cleared at last.

Exercise 6. Fill in the blank positions in the following sentences with notional words:

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ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКАЯ ГРАММАТИКА ( А Н Г Л И Й С К И Й Я З Ы К )

The bell ….

Did you … to the phonetics lab? The … was a …

They went with … to the … He heard … in the …

Jane listened to the … …was with his … at the …… There … a … in the …

Exercise 7. Fill in the blank positions in the following sentences with functional words:

I want … talk …you …it.

… were four people … … house.

They wandered … … streets … … evening. Mr. Brown let .. dog … … … street.

I … write her tomorrow.

…secretary … … talking .. you … … moment. Jane … Betty used … argue … lot … poetry.

.. man took … coat …

…go … reading!

…we begin …work … Monday … … Tuesday?

Exercise 8. Define the properties of word-groupings on the lines of different classifications.

MODEL: “a self-reliant student”

It is a notional, dominational, consecutive, completive monolateral, qualifying attributive phrase. It comprises an article, an adjective, and

anoun.

1.to fully understand

2.is seriously ill

3.for us to expect

4.claimed the land

5.young, nonchalant, charming

6.a cat licking milk

7.in spite of

8.enthusiastic but not cultured

9.the world beyond

10.eggs and cheese

11.delivered for a friend

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10. THE PROBLEM OF SENTENCE TYPES

Part 1

Цель: рассмотреть понятия declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamatory, subject, predicate, рассмотреть, различные структурные типы и классификации предложений.

Знания и умения, приобретаемые студентами: студенты должны усвоить основные понятия declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamatory, subject, predicate, а также принципы структурных типов и классификаций предложений, уметь идентифицировать основные типы предложения.

Формируемые компетенции: ОПК-3.

Актуальность темы определяется тем, что в ее рамках осваиваются основные структурные типы и классификации предложений, формируются навыки идентификации различных типов предложений в тексте в соответствии с коммуникативной целью.

Теоретическая часть Theoretical part

Under sentence we understand the immediate integral unit of speech built up of words according to a definite syntactic pattern and distinguished by a contextually relevant communicative purpose.

There are two principles of classification. Applying one of them we obtain a classification into declarative, interrogative, and imperative sentences. We can call this principle that of “types of communication”.

The other classification is according to structure. Here we state two main types: simple sentences and composite sentences. According to Structure the sentences are divided into: simple and composite.

Simple sentences:

According to their structure they are divided into: two-member sentences and one-member sentences.

Twomember sentence has 2 members- a subject and a predicate. They may be: complete or incomplete. It is complete when it has a subject and a predicate. It is incomplete when one of the principal parts or both of them are missing. They are called elliptical. EX. What are you doing? Drinking.

One-member sentences have one member which is neither the subject nor the predicate. They are used in descriptions and in emotional speech. EX. Freedom! Silence.

Simple sentences, both twomember and one-member, can be unextended and extended.

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In a sentence we distinguish the principal parts, secondary parts and independent elements. The principal parts of a sentence are the subject and the predicate. The secondary parts are the attribute, the object and the adverbial modifier.

Composite sentences:

The composite sentence, as different from the simple sentence, is formed by two or more predicative lines. Being a polypredicative construction, it expresses a complicated act of thought, i.e. an act of mental activity which falls into two or more intellectual efforts closely combined with one another.

A compound sentence is a sentence which consists of two or more clauses coordinated with each other. A clause is part of a sentence which has a subject and a predicate of its own.

Composite sentences display two principal types of construction: hypotaxis (subordination) and parataxis (coordination).

The means of combining clauses into a polypredicative sentence are divided into syndetic, i.e. conjunctional, and asyndetic, i.e. non-conjunctional.

According to the traditional view, all composite sentences are to be classed into compound sentences (coordinating their clauses), and complex sentences (subordinating their clauses), syndetic or asyndetic types of clause connection being specifically displayed with both classes.

According to the traditional classification the sentences are divided into:

1)declarative

2)interrogative

3)imperative

Sentences belonging to the several types differ from each other in some grammatical points, too. Thus, interrogative sentences are characterized by a special word order. In interrogative sentences very few modal words are used, as the meanings of some modal words are incompatible with the meaning of an interrogative sentence. It is clear that modal words expressing full certainty, such as certainly, surely, naturally, etc, cannot appear in a sentence expressing a question. On the other hand, the modal word indeed, with its peculiar shades of meaning. Isn’t so indeed?

Imperative sentences also show marked peculiarities in the use of modal verbs. It is quite evident, for example, that modal words express-

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ing possibility, such as perhaps, maybe, possibly are incompatible with the notion of order or request. Indeed, modal words are hardly used at all in imperative sentences.

The notion of “exclamatory sentences” and their relation to the three established types of declarative, interrogative, and imperative sentences presents some difficulty. On the one hand, every sentence, whether narrative, interrogative, or imperative, may be exclamatory at the same time, that is, it may convey the speaker’s feelings and be characterized by emphatic intonation and by an exclamation mark in writing.

We should have our classification of sentences according to type of communication, thus modified: Declarative, Interrogative, Imperative, Exclamatory.

Вопросы, выносимые на обсуждение Points for discussion

1.Types of sentences according to the types of communication.

2.Declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamatory sentences.

Задания Exercises

Exercise 1. Analyze sentences according to the types of communication.

1.Ireland is often called the “Emerald Isle” because of its lush green countryside.

2.What’s the best way to learn a foreign language?

3.Respect other people’s customs when you travel.

4.Example is the only way of educating.

5.Get out of the car right now!

6.Would you give him my message, please?

7.You are forgetting yourself!

8.Curiosity is the beginning of knowledge.

9.What a beautiful sunset it is!

10.Finish your work, please.

Exercise 2. Construct a declarative, an interrogative, an imperative or an exclamatory sentence.

an interesting book (excl.) my friend’s address (inter.)

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Peter’s library (decl.)

a map of the United States (imper.) a small island (excl.)

mountains of Great Britain (decl.) Shakespeare’s birthplace (inter.) an exciting thriller (excl.)

a different example (imper.)

the capital of the Republic of Ireland (inter.) an inexpensive way of travel (decl.)

a strange remark (excl.) a good time (imper.)

Exercise 3. Different types of fronting.

What kinds of fronting are illustrated in the examples below? For each example, choose one item from the clause list:

1.A more general treatment is possible using the method of Markoff. This we shall now describe, following the account of Chandrasekhar.

2.All-wise Khrishna may be, but you wouldn’t buy a used chariot from him.

3.The prejudices remained beneath the surface of benignity, waiting for some unwary blunder on my part to crack the surface and let them burst through.

4.Such a blunder I’d now committed.

5.Such a sure hand my son has with his people!

6.What a gullible lot we are.

7.Brave though he is in facing adult audiences, the result is a bit of a cringe.

Литература

Основная: 1–3. Дополнительная: 3, 4, 7. Интернет-ресурсы: 1–3.

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11. THE PROBLEM OF SENTENCE TYPES

Part 2

Цель: рассмотреть понятия compound nominal predicate, compound verbal predicate, aspectual predicate, simple predicate, inversion, сформировать навыки идентификации различных типов предложений в тексте в соответствии с коммуникативной целью.

Знания и умения, приобретаемые студентами: студенты должны усвоить понятия compound nominal predicate, compound verbal predicate, aspectual predicate, simple predicate, а также основные принципы структурных типов и классификаций предложений, уметь идентифицировать основные типы предложения.

Формируемые компетенции: ОПК-3.

Актуальность темы определяется тем, что в ее рамках формируются навыки идентификации различных типов предложений в тексте в соответствии с коммуникативной целью.

Теоретическая часть Theoretical part

The principal parts of a sentence are the subject and the predicate. The secondary parts are the attribute, the object and the adverbial modifier.

The subject is the principal part of a two-member sentence which is grammatically independent of the other parts of the sentence and on which the second principal part is grammatically dependent. The subject can denote a living being, a lifeless thing or an idea. The subject can be expressed by a single word or a group of words: a noun in the common case; a pronoun – personal, demonstrative, defining, indefinite, negative, possessive, interrogative; a substantivized adjective or participle; a numeral; an infinitive phrase or construction; a gerund, a gerundial phrase or construction; any part of speech used as a quotation; a group of words which is one part of the sentence, i.e. a syntactically indivisible group; a quotation group.

The predicate is the second principal part of the sentence which expresses an action, state or quality of the person or thing denoted by the subject. As a rule the predicate contains a finite verb which may express tense, mood, voice, aspect, and sometimes person and number. According to the structure and the meaning of the predicate we distinguish 2 main types: the simple predicate and the compound predicate.

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The simple predicate is represented by a finite verb in a simple or a compound tense form, sometimes by a phraseological unit (to get rid of, to take care, to pay attention, etc.); word combinations (to change one’s mind).

The compound predicate usually consists of a seminotional verb and a notional part, presented by either nominal or verbal part of speech. It can be divided into two groups: nominal and verbal. The compound nominal predicate denotes the state or quality of a person or a thing expressed by the subject or the class of persons or things to which this person or thing belongs. (link verb+ predicate). If a seminotional verb is a modal one and a notional part is expressed by infinitive or an infinitival phrase we deal with the modal compound verbal predicate: EX: He can do it himself. I have to go there.

Mixed types of predicate:

1)the compound modal nominal predicate – Don’t think I mean be unkind;

2)the compound aspect nominal predicate – I began to feel rath-

er hungry;

3) The compound modal aspect predicate – I had to begin living. In the English language the predicate agrees with the subject in person and number. Agreement implies that the use of one form ne-

cessitates the use of the other.

The secondary parts of the sentence:

1)OBJECT (completes or restricts the meaning of a verb or an adjective, a word denoting state, noun)

Direct object after transitive verbs, it denotes a person or thing directly affected by the action of the verb

Indirect object denotes a living being to whom the action of the verb is directed

2)ATTRIBUTE (qualifies a noun, a pronoun, or any other part of speech that has a nominal character)

3)ADVERBIAL MODIFIER (modifies a verb, an adjective or an adverb)

1)of time

2)of frequency

3)of place and direction

4)of manner

5)of attendant circumstances

6)of degree and measure

7)of cause

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8)of result (consequence)

9)of condition

10)of comparison

11)of concession

12)of purpose

4)DETACHED (loose) parts of the sentence – are those which assume a certain grammatical and semantic independence.

Loose connection may be due to the position of these words, the way they are expressed, their meaning, or the speaker’s desire to make them prominent. In spoken language detached parts of the sentence are marked by intonation, pauses and special stress; in written language they are generally separated by commas or dashes.

Dumb with amazement, they crossed the room. She does not change – except her hair.

5)INDEPENDENT ELEMENTS OF THE SENTENCE – words or wordgroups which are not grammatically dependent on any part of the sentence. They are:

interjections (ah, oh, hurrah, eh, hallo, goodness gracious, good ha-

vens);

direct address (sweet child); parenthesis (to be sure, anyway).

Вопросы, выносимые на обсуждение Points for discussion

1.Types of sentences according to the structure of the sentences.

2.Compound nominal predicate, compound verbal predicate, aspectual predicate, simple predicate.

Задания Exercises

Exercise 1. Chang the word order with fronting to a more usual word order such as subject + verb + direct object. (In one type, this more usual word order is impossible without a change of wording. What example illustrates this?)

1.Such a blunder I’d now committed.

2.The prejudices remained beneath the surface of benignity, waiting for some unwary blunder on my part to crack the surface and let them burst through.

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