Теоретико-правовые основы оперативно-розыскной деятельности таможенных органов Российской Федерации. Монография

ɤɚɧɚɥɵ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɡɚ ɪɟɡɢɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɚ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɡɢɧɨɜɨɣ ɦɚɧɭɮɚɤɬɭɪɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝɫɤɭɸ ɉɨɪɬɨɜɭɸ ɬɚɦɨɠɧɸ. Ƚɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɢɫɤ ɤɚɡɧɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ 150 ɬɵɫ. ɪɭɛ.1.

ȼɰɟɥɹɯ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨ-ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ

ɜ1912 ɝ. ɛɵɥɚ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ «ɂɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ ɱɢɧɨɜ Ɉɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɠɢ», ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɨɫɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ, ɞɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɥɢɰ, ɭɫɥɭɝɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɚ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɚɹ ɛɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɦɵɫɥɨɦ ɢ ɩɥɚɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɥ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɨɯɪɚɧɵ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ… «Ɋɚɡɜɟɞɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɜɟɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɛ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɦɵɫɥɚ… Ɉɧɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɞɚɬɶ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ: 1) ɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɧɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ, 2) ɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɵ, 3) ɨ ɥɢɰɚɯ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɦɵɫɥɨɦ…»2.

ȼ1913 ɝ. ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɤɪɭɝɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɨɜ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɜ ɩɪɢɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɥɚ ɜɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨɧɚɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɭɸɫɥɭɠɛɭ ɜɨɡɥɚɝɚɥɚɫɶɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɶɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ Ɉɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɠɢ ɢ ɤɨɪɱɟɦɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɠɢ ɩɨ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɧɵɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ, ɢɯ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɸ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɢ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ – ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ, ɫɭɞɚ, ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹɤɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣɢɫɭɞɟɛɧɨɣɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ3.

ɂɬɚɤ, ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɢ XX ɜ. ɩɟɪɟɞ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɞɟɥɨɦ ɫɬɨɹɥɢ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɮɢɫɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ, ɬ.ɟ. ɩɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɚɡɧɵ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɛɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɯɨɞɚ. ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɡɚɳɢɬɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɢ ɪɟɲɚɥɚɫɶ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɬɚɪɢɮɵ

ɜɮɨɪɦɟ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɰɢɨɧɢɡɦɚ, ɬɪɟɬɶɹ, ɤɚɤ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ Ʉ.ɂ. Ʌɨɞɵɠɟɧɫɤɢɣ, ɛɵɥɚ ɱɢɫɬɨ ɩɨɥɢɰɟɣɫɤɚɹ, ɬ.ɟ. ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɡɨɦ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɭ «ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɹ». ɑɟɬɜɟɪɬɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ, ɪɟɲɚɟɦɚɹ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ, – ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ. Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɩɨ ɡɚɳɢɬɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɬɨɟɜ ɫɚɦɨɞɟɪɠɚɜɢɹ. ɗɬɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɥɨ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɯɪɚɧɵ

1 ɋɦ.: ɬɚɦ ɠɟ. ɋ. 88.

2 ɋɦ.: Ȼɨɹɪɫɤɢɣ ȼ.ɂ. ɇɚ ɫɬɨɪɨɠɟ Ɋɭɫɢ ɫɬɨɹɬɢ. ɋɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɠɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ. Ɇ., 1992. ɋ. 66.

3 ɋɦ.: Ʉɢɫɥɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɘ.Ƚ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɚ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ Ʉɧ. 1. / ɉɨɞ ɨɛɳ. ɪɟɞ.Ɇ.ȼ. ȼɚɧɢ-

ɧɚ. – Ɇ.: ɊɍɋɂɇȺ-ɉɊȿɋɋ, 2004. ɋ. 284.

21

ɤɚɤ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɦɨɬɪɚ ɛɵɥ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧ ɧɟ ɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ, ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɢɫɤɭ ɡɚɩɪɟɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɤ ɜɜɨɡɭ ɧɟɥɟɝɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɨɪɭɠɢɹ, ɜɡɪɵɜɱɚɬɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɤɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɧɵɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ1.

Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɹɹ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɜɵɲɟ ɬɨɱɤɭ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɘ.Ƚ. Ʉɢɫɥɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ Ʉ.ɂ. Ʌɨɞɵɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ, ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ «ɩɨɥɢɰɟɣɫɤɨɣ», ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɫɵɫɤɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɥɚ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɫɦɨɬɪɨɜ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɭɩɪɟɠɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɥ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ: ɚɝɟɧɬɭɪɵ, ɨɫɜɟɞɨɦɢɬɟɥɟɣ (ɞɨɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ) ɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢɡ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.

Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜ XIX – ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɢ XX ɜ. (ɞɨ 1917 ɝ.) ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɥɨɫɶ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɵɫɤɧɵɯ (ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɪɨɡɵɫɤɧɵɯ) ɦɟɪ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɚ, ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɨ «ɪɚɡɜɟɞɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɞɨɧɨɫ», ɚɝɟɧɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɪɨɡɵɫɤɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɢɫɬɨɜ. ȼ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɵ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ, ɧɨ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɥɨɫɶ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɜɜɟɫɬɢ «ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɫɵɳɢɤɨɜ», ɚ ɜ 1912 ɝ. ɩɨɹɜɢɥɚɫɶ ɂɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ ɱɢɧɨɜ Ɉɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɠɢ, ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɪɨɡɵɫɤɧɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɟ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɵɫɤɚ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ: ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɦɨɬɪɚ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɢ ɥɢɰ, ɩɟɪɟɫɟɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɭ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɂɦɩɟɪɢɢ ɢ ɚɝɟɧɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɪɚɜɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɚ.

ȼ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚɝɪɚɮɚ, ɧɚ ɧɚɲ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ, ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ:

1.ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɫɵɫɤɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɥɚ ɨɱɟɪɬɚɧɢɹ ɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɵɫɤɚ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɞɨɫɦɨɬɪɚ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɢ ɥɢɰ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɥɭɠɚɳɢɦɢ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɦ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ (ɧɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɪɵɧɤɟ).

2.Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɟ ɫ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɥɨ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚ-

ɰɢɢ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɚ, ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ

1 ɋɦ.: Ʉɢɫɥɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɘ.Ƚ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɚ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ Ʉɧ. 1. / ɉɨɞ ɨɛɳ. ɪɟɞ.Ɇ.ȼ. ȼɚɧɢ-

ɧɚ. – Ɇ.: ɊɍɋɂɇȺ-ɉɊȿɋɋ, 2004. ɋ. 319.

22

ɢ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɢɯ ɫɵɫɤɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɝɥɚɫɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɟɝɥɚɫɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ (ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɈɊȾ).

3. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɵɫɤɧɨɣ (ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɪɨɡɵɫɤɧɨɣ) ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɜ ɞɨɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ, ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɚ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ.

§ 2. ɋɵɫɤɧɚɹ (ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɪɨɡɵɫɤɧɚɹ) ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɜ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ

ɋɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɞɨɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɦɟɪ ɩɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɸ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɟ ɢ ɢɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɪɚɜɧɵɦ ɞɟɹɧɢɹɦ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɞɚɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɫɵɫɤɧɨɣ (ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɪɨɡɵɫɤɧɨɣ) ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɣ Ɉɤɬɹɛɪɶɫɤɨɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɛɵɥɚ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɚ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɲɢɦ ɟɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɦ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɟɞɲɢɯ ɪɟɮɨɪɦ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɭɸ ɨɯɪɚɧɭ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɥɢ ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɚɪɦɢɸ, ɚ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ Ⱦɟɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɛɨɪɨɜ – ɜ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɇɚɪɤɨɦɚɬɭ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. Ⱦɟɤɪɟɬɨɦ ɋɨɜɧɚɪɤɨɦɚ ɊɋɎɋɊ ɨɬ 22 ɚɩɪɟɥɹ 1918 ɝ. ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɢɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ.

ȼɝɨɞɵ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢɢ ɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɟ

ɢɤɨɪɪɭɩɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ ɜ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ ɧɟ ɭɞɟɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɨɝɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɢɡɪɟɞɤɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɥɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɡɚ ɜɜɨɡɨɦ-ɜɵɜɨɡɨɦ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɥɢɫɶ ɜɜɢɞɭ ɭɯɨɞɚ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɞɪɨɜ. ɍɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɥ ɜ ɬɚɦɨɠɧɹɯ, ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɞɡɨɪɚ ɡɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɜɨɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɢɫɫɚɪɵ. ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɜɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɢɫɫɚɪɨɜ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɥ ɨɤɪɭɠɧɵɟ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɵ, ɬɚɦɨɠɧɢ, ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɬɵ. Ɋɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɢɫɫɚɪ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɦɨɳɧɢɤ ɩɪɢ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɇɚɪɤɨɦɜɧɟɲɬɨɪɝɚ ɊɋɎɋɊ1.

ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɦ ɤ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɨɛɳɟɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɪ ɩɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɸ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɲɥɨɫɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɡɚɧɨɜɨ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɥɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɪ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɣ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ.

1 ɋɦ.: Ʉɢɫɥɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɘ.Ƚ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɚ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ Ʉɧ. 2. / ɉɨɞ ɨɛɳ. ɪɟɞ. Ɇ.ȼ. ȼɚɧɢɧɚ. – Ɇ.: ɊɍɋɂɇȺ-ɉɊȿɋɋ, 2004. ɋ. 6.

23

ȼ 1921 ɝ. ɋɨɜɧɚɪɤɨɦɨɦ ɛɵɥ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧ Ⱦɟɤɪɟɬ ɨ ɛɨɪɶɛɟ ɫ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɨɣ. ɗɬɢɦ ɞɟɤɪɟɬɨɦ ɩɪɢ ȼɑɄ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɚ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɨɦɢɫɫɢɹ ɩɨ ɛɨɪɶɛɟ ɫ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɨɣ, ɚ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ – ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɫɨɛɵɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɚɯ ȼɑɄ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɯɪɚɧɵ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ. ɉɪɢɤɚɡɨɦ ɇɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɢɫɫɚɪɢɚɬɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ 21 ɞɟɤɚɛɪɹ 1921 ɝ. ɛɵɥɨ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɨ Ƚɥɚɜɧɨɟ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ (ȽɌɍ), ɚ ɜ ɹɧɜɚɪɟ 1922 ɝ. – ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ ɉɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɨ ȽɌɍ ɢ «ɒɬɚɬɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ». ɇɚ Ƚɥɚɜɧɨɟ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɥɚɝɚɥɢɫɶ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɩɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɨɣ. Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɥɢ 5 ɨɬɞɟɥɨɜ: ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɣ, ɬɚɪɢɮɧɵɣ, ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ, ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢ ɨɬɞɟɥ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɫ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɨɣ1.

ɋ ɹɧɜɚɪɹ 1922 ɝ. ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɢɬɟɬɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɨɯɪɚɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ ɢ ɛɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɨɣ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɨɡɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɧɚ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ (Ƚɉɍ). ȼ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɝɨɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɋɨɜɟɬɚ Ɍɪɭɞɚ ɢ Ɉɛɨɪɨɧɵ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɚ ɦɟɠɜɟɞɨɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɤɨɦɢɫɫɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɚɥɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɦɟɪɵ ɩɨ ɛɨɪɶɛɟ ɫ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɧɵɦ ɜɜɨɡɨɦ ɢ ɜɵɜɨɡɨɦ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ. ɗɬɨɣ ɤɨɦɢɫɫɢɟɣ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɟɞɨɦɫɬɜ, ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɛɨɪɶɛɟ ɫ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɨɣ, ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ Ƚɉɍ ɢ Ɍɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.

Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɳɢɟ ɡɚ ɨɯɪɚɧɭ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ. ȼ ɷɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɪɨɥɶ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ. ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɚɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɥɚ ɨɫɬɪɭɸ ɧɭɠɞɭ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦ, ɧɨ ɢ ɜ ɤɚɞɪɚɯ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɨɜ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɥɭɠɛɭ. ȼ ɬɨɬ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɦ, ɨɩɚɫɚɹɫɶ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɶ «ɞɨɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ» ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɤ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɜ ɬ.ɱ. ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ, ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɣ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɥɢɲɢɥɨ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɜɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ, ɤɚɤ ɈɊȾ. ȼ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɧɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɵ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɢɫɬɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɡ- ɜɟɞɵɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɩɨɞɪɵɜɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɣ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ. ȼ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɈɊȾ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɝɨɫɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɦɢɥɢɰɢɢ, ɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɫ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɨɣ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɨɡɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ.

1 ɋɦ.: Ʉɢɫɥɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɘ.Ƚ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɚ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ Ʉɧ. 2. / ɉɨɞ ɨɛɳ. ɪɟɞ. Ɇ.ȼ. ȼɚɧɢ-

ɧɚ. – Ɇ.: ɊɍɋɂɇȺ-ɉɊȿɋɋ, 2004. ɋ. 6–7.

24

Ɉɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɵɫɤɚ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɥ, ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ, ɮɨɪɦ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɈɊȾ, ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɝɨɫɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɦɢɥɢɰɢɸ, ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶ ɧɟ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɛɵɥ ɥɢɲɢɬɶ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɩɪɚɜ ɧɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɵɫɤɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɢ ɥɢɰ, ɩɟɪɟɫɟɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɭ ɊɋɎɋɊ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɪɨɥɶ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɥɚ. ȼ ɨɤɬɹɛɪɟ 1922 ɝ. ɋɨɜɧɚɪɤɨɦ ɩɪɢɧɹɥ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ «Ɉ ɛɨɪɶɛɟ ɫ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɨɣ», ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɩɪɢ Ɍɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɚɥɚɫɶ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɨɦɢɫɫɢɹ ɩɨ ɛɨɪɶɛɟ ɫ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɨɣ ɩɨɞ ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɹ ɇɚɪɤɨɦɚɬɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ, ɚ ɩ. 9 ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɥɚɫɢɥ: «ȼɨɫɩɪɟɬɢɬɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦ Ƚɉɍ ɜɦɟɲɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɭ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧ»1.

ȼ 1925 ɝ. ɛɵɥ ɩɪɢɧɹɬ Ɍɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɫɬɚɜ ɋɋɋɊ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɢɥ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɵ ɤɚɤ ɜɫɹɤɨɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɭɸ ɱɟɪɬɭ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɜɫɹɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ, ɩɨɦɢɦɨ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɬɚɤɨɜɵɟ, ɧɨ ɫ ɫɨɤɪɵɬɢɟɦ ɨɬ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ (ɫɬ. 259).

Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɷɬɨɬ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɢɫɬɚɦɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ. Ɍɚɤ, ɜ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɱɬɨɬɟɥɟɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɨɬɞɟɥɚ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɨɯɪɚɧɵ ɜ ɚɞɪɟɫ ɨɤɪɭɝɨɜ ɨɬ 23 ɧɨɹɛɪɹ 1925 ɝ. ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ:

1.ȼɨɞɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɫɩɢɪɬɚ ɜ ɛɪɟɜɧɚɯ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɛɪɟɜɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɢɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ; ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɜɵɞɚɥɛɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɚɡɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ

ɜɧɢɯ ɛɚɱɤɨɜ ɫɨ ɫɩɢɪɬɨɦ. Ȼɪɟɜɧɨ, ɫɩɭɳɟɧɧɨɟ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ, ɩɟɪɟɩɥɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɪɟɤɭ, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɦ ɤ ɥɨɞɤɟ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜɟɫ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɧɵɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɜ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɛɪɟɜɧɨ, ɩɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ. ȼ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫɩɥɚɜɚ ɥɟɫɚ ɛɪɟɜɧɚ ɫ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɩɥɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɩɥɨɬɨɜ.

2.ɋɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɵ ɜ ɯɥɟɛɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɤɚɪɚɜɚɟɜ ɯɥɟɛɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɶ ɢɯ ɡɚɞɟɥɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɧɵɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɵ (ɧɟ ɩɨɞɞɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɨɪɱɟ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɢ), ɡɚɬɟɦ ɯɥɟɛɵ ɡɚɩɟɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɦ. ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɫɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɵ ɜ ɯɥɟɛɟ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ: ɛɟɪɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɩɟɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɚɪɚɜɚɣ ɯɥɟɛɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ, ɦɹɤɢɲ ɜɵɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɧɟɝɨ ɜɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɚ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɛɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɯɥɟɛɚ ɫɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ. ɍɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ

1 ɋɦ.: ȼ.ɂ. Ʌɟɧɢɧ ɢ ɨɯɪɚɧɚ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɋɋɋɊ. ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ. Ɇ., 1970. ɋ 144; Ʉɢɫɥɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɘ.Ƚ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɬɚɦɨɠɧɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ. Ɇ., 1994.

ɋ. 152–153.

25

ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɯɥɟɛɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɢɫɬɚɦɢ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɬɵɥ ɭɠɟ ɜɨɞɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɵ.

3.ɂɦɟɥ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɢɪɬɚ ɜ ɧɨɝɟ ɭɛɢɬɨɣ ɤɨɪɨɜɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɧɨɝɢ ɨɬ ɤɨɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɚ ɞɨ ɤɨɩɵɬɚ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɠɚ, ɜɵɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɧɟɟ ɜɤɥɚɞɵɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɩɨɫɭɞɚ ɫɨ ɫɩɢɪɬɨɦ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɨɠɚ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɡɚɲɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɢɬɤɚɦɢ, ɩɨɞɨɛɪɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɞ ɰɜɟɬ ɲɟɪɫɬɢ ɧɨɝɢ.

4.ɉɟɪɟɫɵɥɤɚ ɩɨɱɬɨɣ: ɚ) ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɵɥɤɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɧɵɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɜ ɩɨɱɬɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɫɵɥɤɚɯ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɋɋɋɊ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɸ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ «ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ», ɬ.ɟ. ɧɚ ɩɨɫɵɥɤɟ ɧɟ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɮɚɦɢɥɢɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɟɥɹ, ɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɩɢɲɟɬɫɹ «ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɢɬɟɥɹ», ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɱɟɦɭ ɩɨɫɵɥɤɭ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɜɫɹɤɢɣ, ɤɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɢɬ ɤɨɪɟɲɨɤ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɨɱɤɢ, ɜ ɬ.ɱ. ɢ ɫɚɦ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶ ɩɨɫɵɥɤɢ, ɢɥɢ ɥɢɰɚ, ɤɨɢɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɫɬ ɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɲɥɟɬ ɷɬɨɬ ɤɨɪɟɲɨɤ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɨɬɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶ ɩɨɫɵɥɨɤ ɫɜɨɸ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɭɸ ɮɚɦɢɥɢɸ ɢ ɚɞɪɟɫ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɧɟ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɜɵɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟ, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɱɟɦɭ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɟɥɶ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶ, ɞɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ, ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɨɬ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɩɨɫɵɥɤɢ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɜɵɫɵɥɚɸɬɫɹ «ɛɟɡ ɰɟɧɵ», ɱɬɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɧɟ ɧɚɜɥɟɤɚɬɶ ɩɨɞɨɡɪɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ «ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ» ɨɬɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.

ɛ) ɉɪɚɤɬɢɤɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɵɥɤɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɵ, ɡɚɦɚɫɤɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɞɜɨɣɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɹɳɢɤɨɜ, ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ, ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɭɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɢɯ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɟɝɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɦ.

ɜ) ɉɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɵɥɤɟ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɤɚɤ-ɬɨ ɛɪɢɥɥɢɚɧɬɨɜ, ɩɥɚɬɢɧɵ ɢ ɞɪ., ɬɚɤɨɜɵɟ ɡɚɞɟɥɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɚɥɤɢ ɩɥɟɬɟɧɵɯ ɤɨɪɡɢɧ, ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɩɥɟɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɭɬɶɹ, ɢɥɢ

ɜɤɚɛɥɭɤɢ ɨɛɭɜɢ, ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɫ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɤɚɛɥɭɤɨɜ. ȿɫɬɶ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɥɢɜɤɭ ɩɥɚɬɢɧɵ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɝɜɨɡɞɟɣ, ɜɛɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɤɪɵɲɤɢ ɩɨɫɵɥɨɤ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɞɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɷɬɢ ɩɥɚɬɢɧɨɜɵɟ ɝɜɨɡɞɢ ɨɬ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɯ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɨɫɦɨɬɪɟ ɩɨɫɵɥɨɤ, ɛɟɡ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɢɡɵ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɢɦɟɥ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɫɵɥɤɨɣ ɡɨɥɨɬɵɯ ɱɚɫɨɜ: ɜɡɹɬ ɛɵɥ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɮɚɧɟɪɧɵɣ ɹɳɢɤ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɞɨ 20 ɤɚɪɬɨɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɪɨɛɨɤ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɭɫɤɨɜ ɬɭɚɥɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɦɵɥɚ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɞɟɲɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɪɬɚ. ɉɪɢ ɜɫɤɪɵɬɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɟ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɤɨɪɨɛɤɢ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ, ɥɟɠɚɜɲɟɣ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɧɟ ɹɳɢɤɚ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɡɚɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɟ ɡɨɥɨɬɵɟ ɱɚɫɵ ɫ ɰɟɩɨɱɤɚɦɢ ɜ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ 50 ɲɬɭɤ. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɚ ɩɨɫɵɥɤɚ ɛɵɥɚ «ɰɟɧɧɚɹ» – ɧɚ ɫɭɦɦɭ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɧɟɟ ɦɵɥɚ.

ɝ) ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜɜɢɞɭ ɟɳɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɭɸ ɭɥɨɜɤɭ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɢɫɬɨɜ, ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɭɸ «ɩɪɨɛɭ». Ʉɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɢɫɬ, ɢɦɟɹ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɢɬɶ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɭ

ɜɩɨɫɵɥɤɚɯ ɢ ɠɟɥɚɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɡɚ ɟɝɨ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɥɟɠɤɢ ɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɨɥɭɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɵɥɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ, ɨɬɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɛɧɭɸ ɩɨɫɵɥɤɭ ɫ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɟ

26

ɡɚɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɦ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɦ, ɧɨ ɨɩɥɚɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɲɥɢɧɨɣ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɦ, ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢɥɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɭ ɫɟɛɹ, ɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɵɥɚɟɬ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɟɥɸ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ ɨɧ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ, ɢ ɹɫɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɬɨɜɚɪ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɚɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ, ɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɢɫɬɭ ɷɬɨ ɞɚɟɬ ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ «ɩɪɨɛɵ»1.

ȼ ɨɤɬɹɛɪɟ 1927 ɝ. ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɋɇɄ ɋɋɋɊ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɩɨ ɛɨɪɶɛɟ ɫ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɨɣ ɛɵɥɢ ɭɩɪɚɡɞɧɟɧɵ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɫ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɨɣ ɜɨɡɥɚɝɚɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɨɯɪɚɧɭ ɈȽɉɍ ɢ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ, ɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɤɨɪɪɭɩɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ ɜ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ – ɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɞɟɥ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɦ ɚɤɬɨɦ ɛɵɥɨ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɋɋɋɊ ɨɛɳɟɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɸ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ.

ɋ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɬɚɦɨɠɧɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɈɊȾ ɜ ɛɨɪɶɛɟ ɫ ɩɪɟɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ȼɗȾ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɥɫɹ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɫɨ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɢ ɬɨɧɤɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɟɟ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɩɪɟɪɨɝɚɬɢɜɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɝɨɫɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶ ɥɢɲɟɧɵ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɪɨɡɵɫɤɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ, ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ, ɫɢɥ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɬɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɢɫɬɨɜ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɭɹ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ.

Ɍɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɞɟɤɫ ɋɋɋɊ (1964 ɝ.) ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥ ɬɪɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ: ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɢɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɛɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɨɣ. Ʉɨɞɟɤɫɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ, ɬ.ɟ. ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ. ȼɢɞɵ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɢ ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɨɜ, ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɭ ɝɪɭɡɚ2.

ȼɨɡɧɢɤɲɟɟ ɜ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɟ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɟ ɫ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚɦ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɚ ɫɵɫɤɚ ɧɚ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɦɵɣ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ, ɢ ɈɊȾ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɭɸ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɝɨɫɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɦɢɥɢɰɢɢ, ɞɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ «ɫɝɥɚɠɢɜɚɥɨɫɶ» ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɢɟɣ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ «ɠɟɥɟɡɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɧɚɜɟɫɚ».

1 ɋɦ.: Ʉɢɫɥɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɘ.Ƚ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɚ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ Ʉɧ. 2. / ɉɨɞ ɨɛɳ. ɪɟɞ. Ɇ.ȼ. ȼɚɧɢ-

ɧɚ. – Ɇ.: ɊɍɋɂɇȺ-ɉɊȿɋɋ, 2004. ɋ. 29–31.

2 ɋɦ.: Ɍɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɞɟɤɫ ɋɋɋɊ ɨɬ 5 ɦɚɹ 1964 ɝ.; Ʉɢɫɥɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɘ.Ƚ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɚ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ Ʉɧ. 2. / ɉɨɞ ɨɛɳ. ɪɟɞ. Ɇ.ȼ. ȼɚɧɢɧɚ. – Ɇ.: ɊɍɋɂɇȺ-ɉɊȿɋɋ, 2004. – ɋ. 42–43.

27

ȼ80-ɟ ɝɝ. XX ɜ. ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɨɛɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ, ɫɥɨɠɢɜɲɚɹɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɚɧɚɥɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ, ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɥɚ ɨɬ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ, ɜ ɬ.ɱ. ɨɬ ɋɋɋɊ, ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚɪɤɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɭɝɪɨɡɟ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɨ ɜɵɹɜɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɞɨ ɫɨɬɧɢ ɤɢɥɨɝɪɚɦɦɨɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɧɚɪɤɨɬɢɤɨɜ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɤɚɢɧ, ɝɟɪɨɢɧ, ɦɚɪɢɯɭɚɧɚ, ɨɩɢɣ, ɝɚɲɢɲ, ɦɨɪɮɢɧ ɢ ɞɪ. ɇɚɪɤɨɬɢɤɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɞɜɨɣɧɨɦ ɞɧɟ ɱɟɦɨɞɚɧɨɜ, ɫɭɦɨɤ, ɜ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚɯ ɞɟɤɨɪɚ- ɬɢɜɧɨ-ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ, ɜ ɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɬɟɥɟɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɟ, ɛɚɬɚɪɟɣɤɚɯ, ɬɸɛɢɤɚɯ ɢɡɩɨɞ ɤɪɟɦɨɜ ɢ ɡɭɛɧɨɣ ɩɚɫɬɵ, ɜ ɦɭɡɵɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. Ɍɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɢɤɢ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɩɨɥɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɟ ɫɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ. ɍɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɟ, ɫɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ 80-ɯ ɝɝ. ɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ, ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ

ɢɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɣ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɹɜɥɹɥɚɫɶ ɛɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɩɪɚɜɨɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɨɛɨ-ɪɨɬɟ, ɫ ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɜɨɡɨɦ ɧɚɪɤɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɢ ɩɫɢɯɨɬɪɨɩɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɫɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣɤɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɨɣ.

ȼɤɨɧɰɟ 80-ɯ ɝɝ. ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɥɭɠɛɚ ɋɋɋɊ ɩɟɪɟɲɥɚ ɨɬ ɷɩɢɡɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɫ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɧɚɪɤɨɦɚɮɢɟɣ ɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɭɫɢɥɢɹɦ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ. 8 ɹɧɜɚɪɹ 1989 ɝ. ɉɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɋɋɋɊ ɢ ɋɒȺ ɛɵɥ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɚɧ ɦɟɦɨɪɚɧɞɭɦ ɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɜ ɛɨɪɶɛɟ ɫ ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɨɦ ɧɚɪɤɨɬɢɤɨɜ. ɗɬɨɬ ɦɟɦɨɪɚɧɞɭɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɥ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦ

ɋɋɋɊ ɢ ɋɒȺ ɩɨ ɩɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɵ ɧɚɪɤɨɬɢɤɨɜ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɬɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɚɯ. Ɍɚɤ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɨɤ ɢ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ Ȼɟɥɶɝɢɢ ɢ ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɚɯ ɜ 1989 ɝ., ɛɵɥ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧ ɢ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧ ɤɚɧɚɥ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɵ ɝɚɲɢɲɚ ɢɡ ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɨɜ ɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɸ ɱɟɪɟɡ Ȼɟɥɶɝɢɸ.

ȼɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ, 31 ɹɧɜɚɪɹ 1990 ɝ. ɜ ȼɚɲɢɧɝɬɨɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɋɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɜ ɛɨɪɶɛɟ ɫ ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɧɵɦ ɧɚɪɤɨɬɢɤɨɜ ɦɟɠɞɭ Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɢɬɟɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɋɆ ɋɋɋɊ

ɢɜɟɞɨɦɫɬɜɨɦ ɋɒȺ ɩɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚ ɧɚɪɤɨɬɢɤɚɦɢ1.

Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɫ ɩɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɨɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɈɊɆ ɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɟɡ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɧɢɜɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɟ, ɫɬɚɥɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɧɨ: ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ, ɥɢɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɈɊȾ, ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɢ

1 ɋɦ.: Ʉɢɫɥɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɘ.Ƚ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɚ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ Ʉɧ. 2. / ɉɨɞ ɨɛɳ. ɪɟɞ. Ɇ.ȼ. ȼɚɧɢ-

ɧɚ. – Ɇ.: ɊɍɋɂɇȺ-ɉɊȿɋɋ, 2004. – ɋ. 70, 72, 79.

28

ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɭ ɋɋɋɊ ɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɈɊȾ, ɧɨ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɪɨɡɵɫɤɧɵɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɫ ɩɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ – ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɈɊȾ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ.

ȼ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ 90-ɯ ɝɝ. XX ɜ. ɩɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɭɯɢɳɪɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɢɫɬɨɜ. ɋɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɩɨɞ «ɤɪɵɲɟɣ» ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ, ɩɵɬɚɥɢɫɶ ɜɵɜɟɡɬɢ ɬɨɜɚɪɵ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɸ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɥɢɰɟɧɡɢɹ. ɉɨɞ ɜɢɞɨɦ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ ɜɵɜɨɡɢɥɚɫɶ ɧɟɮɬɶ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ. ȼɬɨɪɝɚɹɫɶ ɫ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɟ ɪɵɧɤɢ, ɜɧɨɜɶ ɢɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɵɟ «ɛɢɡɧɟɫɦɟɧɵ» ɩɨ ɛɪɨɫɨɜɵɦ ɰɟɧɚɦ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɵɜɚɥɢ ɜɵɜɟɡɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɡ ɋɋɋɊ ɬɨɜɚɪɵ, ɧɚɪɭɲɚɹ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɵɧɤɚ, ɢ, ɝɥɚɜɧɨɟ, ɫɥɨɠɢɜɲɭɸɫɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɜɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɟ ɡɚɝɪɚɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɟɪɵ. ɋɥɨɠɢɥɢɫɶ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɢɫɬɨɜ, ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɟɥɟɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɡɚ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɤɥɚɧɵ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɢɫɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɹ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɵɟ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɫ ɩɚɪɨɥɹɦɢ, ɬɚɣɧɢɤɚɦɢ, ɲɢɮɪɨɜɤɚɦɢ1.

ɉɪɚɜɨɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ȼɗȾ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɭ ɋɋɋɊ, ɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɬɶ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɨɛɨɫɬɪɢɥɢɫɶ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɹ, ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɱɟɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɝɨɫɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɦɢɥɢɰɢɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɵ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɢɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ, ɜ ɬ.ɱ. ɜ ɈɊȾ, ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɯ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ. Ɍɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ, ɧɟ ɢɦɟɜɲɢɟ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɚɪɫɟɧɚɥɟ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɈɊȾ, ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɥɢɲɢɥɢɫɶ ɭɩɪɟɠɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɪɚɧɟɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɜɲɟɣ ɨɬ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɱɚɜɲɟɦɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ «ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɫɬɢ» ɝɪɚɧɢɰ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɭɝɪɨɡɵ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɟ. ɉɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ ɜ ɦɚɪɬɟ 1991 ɝ. ɧɨɜɨɝɨ Ɍɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɞɟɤɫɚ ɋɋɋɊ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ2, ɛɟɡ ɢɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɭɥɭɱɲɢɬɶ ɫɥɨɠɢɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ.

1 Ʉɢɫɥɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɘ.Ƚ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɚ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ Ʉɧ. 2. / ɉɨɞ ɨɛɳ. ɪɟɞ. Ɇ.ȼ. ȼɚɧɢɧɚ. –

Ɇ.: ɊɍɋɂɇȺ-ɉɊȿɋɋ, 2004. – ɋ. 82–83.

2 ɋɦ.: Ɍɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɞɟɤɫ ɋɋɋɊ (ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧ ȼɟɪɯɨɜɧɵɦ ɋɨɜɟɬɨɦ ɋɋɋɊ 26 ɦɚɪɬɚ 1991 ɝ. ʋ 2052-1). Ɋɚɡɞɟɥ III «Ɍɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ».

29

ɉɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɵɫɤɧɨɣ (ɨɩɟɪɚ- ɬɢɜɧɨ-ɪɨɡɵɫɤɧɨɣ) ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɨɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɚ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɨ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɈɊȾ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɥɭɠɛɟ ɋɋɋɊ

ɜ 80-ɯ ɝɝ. XX ɜ.

ɉɨ ɧɚɲɟɦɭ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ, ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɨ ɛɵ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɥɭɠɛɟ

ɋɋɋɊ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɫɬɨɹɬɶ ɭɝɪɨɡɚɦ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɲɢɦ ɜ 90-ɟ ɝɝ. XX ɜ., ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɲɭɸ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɧɭɸ ɭɬɟɱɤɭ ɫɵɪɶɟɜɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɡɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɭ, ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɩɨ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɸ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ.

Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɞɨɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɵɫɤɧɵɯ (ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɪɨɡɵɫɤɧɵɯ) ɦɟɪ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɛɵɥɚ ɭɩɪɚɡɞɧɟɧɚ, ɚ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɈɊȾ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦ ɝɨɫɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɦɢɥɢɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɡɚɩɪɟɬɚ ɜɦɟɲɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɭ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧ. ȼ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɥɢ ɜɨɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɜɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ, ɧɟ ɢɦɟɹ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɟ ɢ ɢɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹɦ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɚ. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɵɫɤɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɟɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɥ, ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ, ɮɨɪɦ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ (ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɪɨɡɵɫɤɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ) ɜ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɥɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ, ɚ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɚ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɮɨɪɦ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ 80-ɯ ɝɝ. XX ɜ., ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɈɊȾ.

ɉɨɫɥɟ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ɋɋɋɊ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɝɨɫɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɞɟɥ, ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɨɣ ɨɯɪɚɧɵ ɢ ɬɚɦɨɠɧɢ ɩɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɸ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɷɬɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜɜɢɞɭ «ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɫɬɢ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ» Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɭɸ ɛɨɪɶɛɭ ɫ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɨɣ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɟɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢɦɟɥɢɫɶ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɞɟɥ ɢ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɨɣ ɨɯɪɚɧɵ ɹɜɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɈɊȾ, ɚ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɢɦɢ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɥɢɫɶ.

ȼ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɛɟɫɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ȼɗȾ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɵ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɷɤɨɧɨ-

30