Практическая грамматика английского языка. Учебное пособие

19. УСЛОВНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ И НЕКОТОРЫЕ СЛУЧАИ УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЯ СОСЛАГАТЕЛЬНОГО НАКЛОНЕНИЯ

І. Постройте условные предложения, выражающие реальное условие, по образцу. Посмотрите на предупреждающие знаки. Что бы вы сказали тому, кто их игнорирует?

Образец: Danger! Keep away from the edge! (to fall down) If you don’t keep from the edge, you’ll fall down.

1.Danger! Thin ice! (to step on the ice/to be drowned)

2.Dangerous road! (to drive fast/to have an accident)

3.Beware of the dog! (to ignore the sign/to get bitten by the dog)

4.Danger! No smoking! (to smoke here/to be a fire)

5.Wet paint! (to ignore the sign/to get dirty)

6.Horn forbidden! (not obey the sign/to get fined)

7.Entrance in overalls only! (not obey the sign/to be injured at work)

II.Прочитайте условные предложения, выражающие реальное условие. Выберите правильную форму глагола:

Образец: What shall we do, if it rains/will be raining? => What shall we do, if it rains?

1.If I don’t feel/won’t feel well tomorrow, I stay/I’ ll stay at home.

2.If the weather is/will be nice tomorrow, we can go to the beach.

3.It will be hard to find a hotel if we arrive/will arrive late.

4.I’ll be able to understand you, if you speak/will speak slowly.

5.Do/will you go to the party if they invite/will invite you?

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6.If I am/will be late this evening, don’t wait for me.

7.I am/will be surprised if they are/will be expelled from the University.

III.Напишите условные предложения, выражающие полуреальное условие, поставив глаголы, данные в скобках, в нужную форму. Отнесите предложения к настоящему времени:

Образец: If I ... Spanish, I ... Spanish books in the original (know, read). => If I knew Spanish, I should read Spanish books in the original.

1.If she ... of the article now, I ... it to the newspaper (approve, send).

2.If he ... himself, my answer ... the same (come, be).

3. If my friend ... to me that way, I … offended (spea k, feel).

4.She ... our excursion even if you ... her; she is ill (not join, invite).

5.If he ... to bed early, he ... in time (go, wake up).

6.If he ... in the South, he ... grow a lot of flowers (live, can).

7.If they ... computers, they ... their work soon (use, finish).

IV. Прочитайте данные ситуации. Составьте вопросы к ним, выражающие полуреальное условие:

Образец: Perhaps one day somebody will give you a lot of money. What would you do if somebody gave you a lot of money?

1.Perhaps one day a millionaire will ask you to marry him/her.

2.Perhaps one day you will lose your passport in a foreign country.

3.Perhaps one day somebody will offer you a good position in a bank.

4.Perhaps one day your car will be stolen.

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5.Perhaps one day somebody will park his car on your foot.

6.Perhaps one day you will find 100 pounds in the street.

7.Perhaps one day you will find yourself on an uninhabited island.

V.Ответьте на вопросы, выражающие нереальное условие, используя слова в скобках:

Образец: – What would you have done if your friend had entered the University then? (congratulate him) =>

–I would have congratulated him.

1.What would you have done if you had stayed at home yesterday? (watch TV)

2.What would you have gone if you had been free last night? (go to the theatre)

3.What would you have invited if you had had a spare ticket then? (my friend)

4.What would you have done if you hadn’t been able to see me off? (warn you)

5.What would you have done if you had got their telegram in time? (meet them)

6.What would you have done if you had enjoyed the film? (advise you to see it)

7.What would you have done if you had been in my place then? (accept his proposal)

VІ. Прочитайте ситуации и напишите условные предложения с союзом if, выражающие нереальное условие и относящиеся к прошедшему времени:

Образец: She didn’t eat anything because she wasn’t hungry . => If she had been hungry, she would have eaten something.

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1.The accident happened because the driver in front stopped so suddenly.

2.I was able to buy the car because Jim lent me money.

3.You are hungry now because you didn’t have breakfast.

4.She didn’t buy the coat because she didn’t have eno ugh money on her.

5.She wasn’t injured in the crash because she was wearing a seat-belt.

6.I didn’t wake George because I didn’t know he wante d to get up early.

7.You look tired because you went to bed very late.

VІІ. Переведите условные предложения, выражающие реальное, полуреальное или нереальное условия, с русского на английский язык:

1.Цементный раствор не будет пригоден для строительных работ, если вы не будете соблюдать пропорции.

2.Если бы я строил этот мост, я бы сделал освещение ярче.

3.Древесина не может использоваться для столярных работ, если она только что спилена.

4.Если бы они ввели в бетон арматуру, то получили бы железобетон.

5.Если в торговом центре случится пожар, сработает пожарная сигнализация.

6.Если бы стена здания дала трещину, какие бы меры вы приняли как строитель?

7.Если бы на крыше не было так много снега, она бы не рухнула.

VІІІ. Составьте условные предложения смешанного типа. Выбирайте из колонок подходящие по смыслу отрывки предложений. Соблюдайте согласование времён:

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Past Subjunctive – should/would + Perfect Infinitive

If he were a kind man, he wouldn’t have spoken to the girl in such a way.

Perfect Subjunctive – should/would + Indefinite Infinitive If you had consulted the doctor in time, you would be well now.

Сослагательное наклонение

ІX. Составьте придаточные дополнительные предложения, следующие после глагола wish, в которых выражается желание или сожаление о том, чтобы изменился ход событий. Представьте, что вы оказались в одной из данных ситуаций. Составьте для каждой ситуации предложение, начинающееся со слов I wish ... Будьте внимательны с согласованием времён:

Образец: a) You don’t know your colleague’s telephone num - ber but you need it.

You say: I wish I knew my colleague’s telephone number.

b)You have eaten too much and now you feel sick. You say: I wish I hadn’t eaten so much.

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1.You can’t give up smoking but you would like to. You say: I wish I ...

2.You haven’t any cigarettes but you need one. You say: I wish I ...

3.You’ve just painted the door red. Now you decide that it doesn’t look very nice. You say: I wish I ...

4.You are walking in the country. You would like to take some photographs but you didn’t bring your camera. You say: I wish I ...

5.You have to work tomorrow but you would like to stay in bed. You say: I wish I ...

6.You aren’t lying on a beautiful sunny beach and that’s a pity. You say: I wish I ...

7.A good friend of yours visited your town but unfortunately you were away when he came. So you didn’t see him.

You say: I wish I ...

X.Поставьте в нужную форму сослагательного наклонения глагол в скобках, чтобы завершить придаточные пред- ложения-подлежащие, следующие за оборотами it is important ..., it is natural ..., it is time ..., it is necessary ... и

др.:

Образец: It is high time that he ... here (come). => It is high time that he should come here.

1.It is impossible that the tickets ... so expensive (be).

2.It wasn’t strange that the son ... his father’s lin guistic talents (inherit).

3.It isn’t advisable that you ... here alone (sit).

4.It seems fortunate that you ... us there (meet).

5.It’s wonderful that they ... you a present (give).

6.It is curious that she ... to keep them company (refuse).

7.It was necessary that the expedition ... a radio (have).

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20. ЭМФАТИЧЕСКИЕ КОНСТРУКЦИИ

І. Переведите предложения, учитывая, что формы do, does, did употребляются здесь для усиления значения действия, выраженного смысловым глаголом. Используйте усилительные частицы "же", "ведь", или союз "и", где необходимо:

1.I do hope you’ll come again!

2.Do try to hurry up!

3.He does like football matches very much!

4.She does still love you!

5.But he did say that!

6.I did succeed at last!

7.The book did cost rather a lot!

II.Перепишите предложения, следуя образцу, затем переведите полученные предложения:

Образец: It’s really kind of him. I appreciate it! => I do appreciate it!

1.Leave me alone!

2.I believe men and women are equal.

3.Children have problems; but most eight to seventeen-year olds get on well with their parents.

4.Susan looks very pretty in white dresses.

5.The mother satisfied the kidnapper’s demands.

6.The judge made a cruel mistake and an innocent man suffered.

7.When Japanese went to war they believed they were fighting for ideas.

III. Подберите к предложениям продолжение. Переведите пары предложений, помните, что do, does, did употребляются здесь для усиления значения действия, выраженного смысловым глаголом:

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IV. Переведите предложения. Помните, что конструкция it is (has been, was) ... that (which, who) может выделить любой член предложения, кроме сказуемого. Само сочетание it is ... that не переводится, а эмфаза достигается употреблением усилительных слов, изменением порядка слов или интонацией, и сложноподчинённое предложение переводится как простое предложение:

1.It is only under these conditions that satisfactory results can be achieved.

2.Glinka was convinced that it was in Russian folk music that he should seek the basis for his own creative work.

3.It was Fielding’s active life which gave him his knowledge of men and women.

4.The most significant factor in desert climate is the rainfall, since it is the insufficiency of rain that brings the desert into being.

5.It is the sun shining on the drops of rain, as they fall, that makes those beautiful colours in the rainbow.

6.It has been the heat engine that turns heat into work.

7.It is among the naturally occurring minerals that we find the most beautiful examples of crystals.

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V. Переведите предложения с вариантом конструкции it is ... that => it was not until ... that, с помощью которой часто выделяется обстоятельство времени, а само сочетание it wasn’t until ... that не переводится, а перед обстоятельством времени обычно ставится "только", "и только", "и только когда ... ":

1.It was not until the industrial revolution that metals began to assume the importance they now possess.

2.It was not until 1955 that this law was discovered.

3.It was not until 1955 that Burke and Franklin discovered that Jupiter is a source of radio noise storms.

4.It was not until 3000 B.C. that the Bronze Age began in Egypt.

5.It was not until 1791 that Russia consolidated her hold on the Black Sea coast as a result of war between Russia and Turkey.

6.It was not until 1961 that the first cosmonaut penetrated the outer space.

7.It was not until Roentgen discovered X-rays that scientists began to take interest in unknown phenomena.

VI. Переведите предложения с двойным отрицанием, усиливающим высказывание. Помните, что такие предложения переводятся утвердительной формой и перед прилагательным или наречием обычно добавляется слово "вполне", "весьма", "только":

1.He is not unlovely!

2.Their explanations are not unreasonable.

3.It is not unnatural that she studies well.

4.It is not unlikely, however, that this method will be successful.

5.It is not unnatural that he knows three foreign languages.

6.It is not unlikely, however, that this technique will be successful.

7.Terminal examinations are not held until the end of the autumn and spring terms.

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VII. Переведите предложения с инверсией (обратным порядком слов) после некоторых союзов, наречий и союзных наречий:

1.Not only can a computer deal with calculations of many different kinds, but it can be switched rapidly from one to another.

2.Nowhere can we see such rapid progress as in computing technique.

3.Seldom do we have goods returned to us because they are faulty.

4.Only once did I go to the opera in the whole time I was in Italy.

5.Not a single word had she written since the exam had started.

6.Little do they know how lucky they are to live in such a wonderful house.

7.At no time did they actually break the rules of the game.

VIII. Переведите предложения с инверсией, которая достигается с помощью вынесения на первое место в пред-

ложении предикативной части сказуемого (причастия І и ІІ, прилагательного):

1.Allied with the reconstruction of the dam and power station are other major undertakings.

2.Related to the chemical activities are the well-known physiological effects.

3.Extending outward from either end of the visible spectrum are other radiations not visible to the human eye but capable of detection by other means.

4.Essential and valuable as the physical picture of stability is, mathematical definition gives more useful means of describing system performance.

5.Strange as it may seem, the theory of numbers, can be called, from a certain aspect, an empirical or even experimental science.

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