Основы устного перевода (английский язык). Учебное пособие

4.Расскажите поподробнее, что это был за опыт. Насколько я знаю, это была пересадка мозга на лягушках.

5.Вероятно, это не главная цель пересадки мозга. Главными, помоему, являются медицинские аспекты проблемы, проблемы лечения и спасения жизни человека.

Ответные репли-и:

1.Brain transplants were frst conducted on animals at the turn of the century. But for a long time the operations were failures. The reason was tissue incompatibility of the brain tissue. The transplanted brain was, therefore, soon rejected and the animal died.

2.No that was not case. Yet, it was then discovered that if embryos or newborn animals were used instead of adult animals it was possible to raise them to maturity with a transplanted brain.

3.A brain transplant is a principally new method of behavior. For the frst time in the history of biology and science the brain transplants showed that the brain alone is the material carrier of what we call the ‘soul’.

4.Yes. We grafted the brain of a dry – land frog to a water frog. And the water frog tried to catch insects with its mouth although its mouth was not suited to this purposes: it has no tongue with witch to catch an insect. Now the experiments – people with a sense of humor – are thinking about grafting a cat’s brain to see if the cat – brained rabbit would catch mice.

5.You’re quite right. The transplants may prove useful in the future of neurosurgery. It may become possible to cure some hereditary disease by grafting pieces from the brain taken from animals. May be in this way it will be possible to cure tremor of extremities, a Parkinson’s disease. Yet, we should bear in mind that brain transplants are a subject of future clinical research.

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Выполните перевод интервью How I became a UN interpreter с ан- глийс-ого язы-а на русс-ий в парах: St1 зачитает вопросно-от- ветные репли-и, St2 выполняет перевод, затем роли меняются.

Helen Reynolds-Brown is a Russian and French interpreter, works for the UN and other international organisations. From an early interest in French sparked at an after-school club to a chance to learn Russian, in this interview Helen Reynolds-Brown talks about her career as a UN interpreter.

Q: What does working as an interpreter mean to you?

A: Working as an interpreter can sound like quite a glamorous life – I’ve recently been to Berne, I’m now o¥ to Lyon in a few days, and then Geneva for a four week stint. And yes, it can be brilliant, working with fascinating people from all over the world, but though I absolutely love it, it can be high pressure work and the prosaic truth is that I spend a lot of time on Easyjet.

Q: What is your languages background?

A: I didn’t have a languages background: I was brought up in north London, neither of my parents were linguists and we didn’t do those camping in France type of holiday. I was about 10 when I frst discovered I enjoyed French, when my teacher ran an after-school language club. Then in my second year at secondary school – when I was already studying French – we were o¥ered the chance to learn German, Latin or Russian. I took a deep breath and chose Russian, even though I’d barely even heard of the country.

I loved Russian straightaway. Recently I found my old school books, and saw lots of painstakingly written words in shaky Cyrillic. It was a puzzle, a challenge, with lots of cases and noun declensions to work your way through: I discovered that if you have those stepping stones, you can see the language building before your eyes.

Q: What was your frst time you went abroad?

A: The frst time I went abroad was on a school exchange to Belarus, in 1995, and the whole experience felt exciting and a bit crazy. I suddenly felt: “oooh, there’s so much to explore here!” I got As in my French

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and Russian A-levels but I certainly wasn’t ¤uent: “passable” would be more accurate. But four months in St Petersburg as part of a year out convinced me that doing languages at university was the right choice. That few months defnitely motivated me – I was fascinated by the oddness of Russia. I could only scratch the surface of understanding the culture and I wanted to know more.

I got a frst in my French and Russian degree, but it was only when I went back to Russia to teach English after graduating that my skills really improved. I was out there on my own in a ¤at, and when things went wrong as they inevitably did, I had to call the workmen to sort it out. There were no other native English people to call on, so I was properly immersed, I had to make Russian friends, get stuck in and get over the embarrassment of making mistakes. After nine months my Russian was probably as good as it’s ever been, and once I’d come home, it wasn’t long before I saw that GCHQ were looking for linguists.

It took six months of interviews, aptitude tests and then vetting before I was accepted. My job was translation, transcription and analysis.You can never really say very much about the detail of that sort of intelligence job – I was living in Cheltenham and if people there know where you work, they know not to ask – you talk about hobbies instead. The bare bones of it is that material will come in, either written or as audio, and you have to translate and transcribe it. You pick out the elements you think are useful, and then liaise with people who are producing reports for government. It was a blast – you learn lots about the world. You also get to use your languages all day: even if something isn’t of any intelligence value, you’re always improving your skills.

Q: How did you start your career as a UN interpreter?

A: I’d taken a year out to do a masters in interpreting at the university of Bath, and then I did the UN interpreting test. It’s renowned for being incredibly tough: I passed frst time, which I wasn’t expecting. It meant that a whole new career opened up, working on UN missions abroad. I had to give it a go, so I took myself o¥ to Geneva to see if anyone would book me.

As it turned out, if you’ve passed that test, then they will, and by the end of the frst month I had work. I guess it took about year until I felt secure – well, as secure as you ever are as a freelance – that I could make a decent bash of it.

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Q: How can you describe your work?

A: There aren’t many of us interpreting from Russian to English, and I work from French as well. Interpreters work in pairs, doing half an hour before swapping over. It’s always intense and it’s often stressful, because these are communications that matter to people’s lives so you have to get it right. The aim is to be 100% accurate but often you can’t translate literally, so it’s about interpreting idea by idea. If I don’t understand I try and hang back a bit, think about the context and try to pull together an idea that fts the situation. You have to think on your feet – I drink a lot of co¥ee.

Q: What are potential pitfalls in your profession?

A: There are so many potential pitfalls: not getting a written statement in advance, or getting it just 30 seconds before they start speaking ...

or while they’re speaking. People often speak very fast, and Russians in particular are prone to send one of their delegation to check you’re interpreting precisely as they want you to. It’s quite nerve-wracking enough without someone standing over you. Worst of all, they may even stop you mid-¤ow. Then you just have to repeat what they say even if it’s interpreted awkwardly.

There are also accents to grapple with. Various French speaking African republics, for example, have strong accents, and use ¤owery language and unfamiliar vocabulary. Being simultaneously webcast ratchets up the pressure, because you know there are a lot of people listening. Some events are particularly high profle: I’ve only done the UN human rights council once – that’s a tricky one because it’s political and it’s webcast, and it’s the UN.

Q: How do you combine your working life and your family?

A: My working life four years on is, well, complicated! I have an 18-month-old daughter, and I started back at work when she was fve months old. My husband came out to Geneva with me to look after her at that point. We’re back in Gloucestershire now, and I mostly try to arrange bookings so I’m away for a few days at a time. Fortunately it’s well paid, and I aim to work 10 days in a month. Perhaps unsurprisingly, there are a lot of single interpreters, but for our family it works well – I like the ¤exibility of being freelance, I love the stimulation of the work and I like being able to have time at home with my daughter. Luckily, I’ve never liked planning too far ahead: in this job, my language skills

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have taken me to Bali, Nairobi, Vienna, around Europe, and I may soon be o¥ to Copenhagen and Moscow. I never know what’s next, and that’s the fun of it.

Interview by Louise Tickle How I became an interpreter. URL: https://www.theguardian.com/education/2014/may/15/ russian-french-un-interpreter (дата о•ра-ения: 20.01.2021)

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Выполните перевод интервью с шо-олатье Джефри Стерном с предварительной работой со с-риптом.

INTERVIEW WITH JEFFREY STERN, CHOCOLATIER AND CHOCOLATE ADVOCATE IN QUITO, ECUADOR

Carla Martin: What is the focus of your two companies, and what are their missions?

Jefrey Stern: The focus of my Ecuador based company, Gianduja Chocolate, is to provide high quality, sophisticated bonbons and chocolate products for the local market, using almost all local ingredients. I use only Ecuadorian chocolate, local fruits, cream, and butter, and the only imported items I use are those not available here like transfer sheets, real vanilla, and colored cocoa butters.

My other company, Aequare Fine Chocolates, had as its original mission the goal of importing, wholesaling, and retailing to the United States fne chocolates made in Ecuador with top quality Ecuadorian chocolate. Also, I made it a point of this company to have contact with and knowledge of the chocolate and its origins from bean to fnal product. I knew the grower of the beans and how he managed his farm, I knew the factory and operations where the chocolate was made, and of course I made the fnal chocolates myself. We imported into the United States and retailed through the website and worked with a few brokers. Ultimately, the idea was to add value to cacao in the country of origin, and have direct trade relationships with all our suppliers here in Ecuador.

Q: How are your companies structured, and how many employees work with the companies?

A: Our local company in Ecuador, Gianduja Chocolate, is a sole proprietorship. I am the chocolatier, my wife takes care of administration and accounting, and I have one employee who knows about 80% of

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what I do. My other company is an LLC. I am the only employee. When the need arises, I occasionally hire an additional person, but due to very onerous labor laws in Ecuador which make part-time or hourly payment nearly impossible, it’s rare.

Q: What is your educational background and training?

A: I have a Bachelor’s in Latin American Studies from NewYork University and a Master’s Degree in Community and Regional Planning from the University of Texas. I am also a 2001 graduate of L’Academie de Cuisine in Gaithersburg, where I earned a degree in culinary arts.

Q: Why chocolate? What about it is fascinating to you?

A: I got interested in chocolate when I started working part-time in a chocolate shop. I hadn’t really gotten a good understanding of how to work with chocolate in culinary school, so I got some books and started to study on my own. There are very few sources that clearly explain what tempering chocolate actually is; when I was fnally able to read about the polymorphism of cocoa butter and how temperature a¥ects crystal formation in chocolate, I was able to wrap my head around it. Not only does chocolate taste good, of course, but it’s a fascinating substance to work with.

After almost 5 years in Ecuador in the chocolate business, my knowledge has expanded far beyond just the technical know-how of chocolate making. I have knowledge of bean to bar operations, identifying quality cacao, import/export operations, and how the cacao industry works in Ecuador.

Q: What was your “aha” moment in relation to chocolate?

A: I never really understood what chocolate was and how its ¤avor was developed until I actually went to a plantation and tasted several chocolate liquors (pastes) made on the spot from beans. When I tasted various liquors side by side from beans from di¥erent areas, with di¥erent fermentation, I suddenly realized just how important the beans are and just how di¥erent beans with di¥erent fermentations, roasts, etc can be. It was like a light bulb went on in my head – a total epiphany. Now when I taste chocolate I have a much better picture in my head (or taste map, however you’d call it) of what’s good or o¥ about a chocolate’s ¤avor than I ever did before.

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Q: What are some of your most memorable experiences related to chocolate?

A: I don´t have any really strong childhood memories of chocolate – I did always like to cook, but didn´t really fgure that out until I was in my late twenties. I was just the regular American kid who grew up eating Hershey bars, Reese´s Peanut Butter Cups, Snickers, and Milky Way. I always had an a¨nity for chocolate but not an obsession.

Once I fnished culinary school and started playing around with chocolate, I saw that there was so much more I could do with it. Another turning point for me was the day when I realized I could almost just look at chocolate and see if it was properly tempered/crystallized. Having that familiarity from working with it day in/day out, when you can temper on-call with no thermometer, no guidance, no reference points except what’s in your own mind, that’s a nice achievement. Once you have that, you can do a whole lot more because you don’t have to doubt if it’s properly tempered, you don’t have to check, you can just start making stu¥. Then from there, once you realize how crystallization also applies to ganaches, things just get a lot easier to make.

Q: What are your favorite things about working with chocolate?

A: I like working with chocolate because it demands patience, you can’t rush it, and you have to pay attention to what you’re doing. My favorite activity in the shop and the one I fnd the most “zen” is running the enrober. You get the chocolate in temper, tweak all the adjustments on the enrober, and then just start running pieces through it. They come o¥, you apply transfers or fork designs or toppings, and then you just do it again. With my employee in the shop, we can get into a groove where no one is talking, we are just running batch after batch of pieces through the machine, and these beautiful little gems are being produced one after another after another. And suddenly an hour has passed and there are tables full of chocolate everywhere, and you line them up on a sheet pan and into the speed rack and just keep going.

3 | Перевод с листа

Задания для перевода с листа представляют собой систему тренировочных упражнений и вводятся последовательно для поэтапного овладения техникой перевода с листа. Начинайте с упражне-

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ний на скорочтение и чтение с забеганием вперед, затем добавьте упражнения на деление текста на синтагмы и автоматическую подстановку готовых соответствий. Одновременно тренируйте навык одновременного чтения текста и проговаривания перевода, а также навык поддержания ровного темпа речи.

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Упражнение на с-орочтение

•Прочитайте текст в быстром темпе. -колько слов вы прочитали за 1 минуту (ориентир – около 200 слов в минуту)?

•Закройте книгу и вспомните прецизионную информацию из текста.

•Передайте основное содержание текста.

•Перечислите особенности синтаксиса и лексики, характерные для данного текста

ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ОБªЕДИНЕННЫХ НАЦИЙ

Организация Объединенных Наций – это уникальная организация независимых стран, которые объединились во имя всеобщего мира и социального прогресса. Официальной датой рождения Организации является 24 октября 1945 года, а ее основателями считается 51 страна. В июле 2011 года число стран, входящих в ООН, достигло 193. За время существования Организации ни одна страна не была из нее исключена.

ООН работает в соответствии с Уставом, в котором изложены права и обязанности ее участников. Там же прописаны цели ООН. Четыре главные цели ООН:

•поддержание мира на планете;

•развитие дружественных отношений между странами;

•совместная деятельность по улучшению условий жизни бедных людей, борьба с голодом и болезнями, ликвидация неграмотности и содействие уважению прав и свобод;

•помощь странам в достижении этих целей.

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Идея создания ООН возникла во время Второй мировой войны (1939–1945 годы). Руководители стран мира, которые совместными усилиями добивались окончания войны, осознали острую необходимость создания механизма, который позволил бы обеспечить мир и не допустить войн в будущем. Такой организацией стала Организация Объединенных Наций.

Название «Организация Объединенных Наций» было предложено президентом -ША Д. Рузвельтом. Впервые оно было официально употреблено в 1942 году. В честь президента Рузвельта, который умер за несколько недель до подписания Устава, все, кто присутствовал на -ан-Францискской конференции, согласились с названием «Организация Объединенных Наций».

Генеральная Ассамблея постановила разместить Центральные учреждения ООН в -ША, в Нью-Йорке. На месте, выбранном для строительства Центральных учреждений ООН, находились скотобойня, железнодорожное депо и другие промышленные здания.

В ООН используются следующие официальные языки: английский, арабский, испанский, китайский, русский и французский.

Девятый Генеральный секретарь ООН Антониу Гутерриш вступил в должность 1 января 2017 года.

Знакомство с Организацией О••единенны Наций. URL: https://www.un.org/ru (дата о•ра-ения: 20.01.2021)

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Упражнение на с-орочтение

•Прочитайте текст в быстром темпе.

•Закройте книгу и вспомните прецизионную информацию из текста.

•Передайте основное содержание текста.

•Перечислите особенности синтаксиса и лексики, характерные для данного текста.

•Переведите текст с листа в медленном темпе, записывая свой перевод на диктофон. Поработайте с записью и обсудите результаты в парах.

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UNO OVERVIEW

The United Nations is an international organization founded in 1945. It is currently made up of 193 Member States. The mission and work of the United Nations are guided by the purposes and principles contained in its founding Charter.

The name “United Nations”, coined by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt was frst used in the Declaration by United Nations of 1 January 1942, during Second World War.

The main organs of the UN are the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, the International Court of Justice, and the UN Secretariat. All were established in 1945 when the UN was founded.

The United Nations came into being in 1945, following the devastation of the Second World War, with one central mission: the maintenance of international peace and security. The UN does this by working to prevent con¤ict; helping parties in con¤ict make peace; peacekeeping; and creating the conditions to allow peace to hold and ¤ourish. The UN Security Council has the primary responsibility for international peace and security. The General Assembly and the Secretary-General play major, important, and complementary roles, along with other UN o¨ces and bodies.

The Secretary-General of the United Nations is a symbol of the Organization’s ideals and a spokesman for the interests of the world’s peoples, in particular the poor and vulnerable. The current SecretaryGeneral of the UN, and the ninth occupant of the post, is Mr. António Guterres of Portugal, who took o¨ce on 1 January 2017.

The logo and ¤ag of the UN have become its symbols as it carries out its work on the world stage.

The original UN logo was created by a team of designers during the United Nations Conference on International Organization in 1945. The design is“a map of the world representing an azimuthal equidistant projection centred on the North Pole, inscribed in a wreath consisting

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