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In general, cast-iron made a great contribution to the development of railway. But it was in 19th-century Britain that new production methods first allowed cast iron to be produced cheaply enough and in large enough quantities to be regularly used in large building projects too. Cast-iron brought a lot of new opportunities to architecture. Cast iron could be cast into a wide array of shapes and designs, allowing elaborate facades that were far cheaper than traditional stone-carved ones. Cast-iron columns had the advantage of being slender, compared with masonry columns capable of supporting similar weight. Talking about adornment and decorations cast-iron allowed creating fret-worked thin tasteful elements.

But despite this, cast-iron has many disadvantages. It is strong in compression, but weak in tension and bending. In the early era of the industrial revolution cast iron was often used in factory construction, in part owing to the misconception that such structures would be fireproof. Cast iron was strong enough to support the heavy machinery but was vulnerable to the frequent fires that would occur in such factories. There were also numerous building collapses caused by fracture of brittle cast-iron beams.

After this there are many reasons for replacing cast-iron with steel because it doubles good sides of cast-iron not doubling bad ones like fraility and flammability. After development of steel, cast-iron has not been used in frame construction any more, just as a decorative element. But the structures of this period are really amazing and it is an interesting object for studying by builders and, of course architects. Cast-iron constructions have a unique architecture due to many factors from construction to aesthetic ones. Our aim is to preserve these rare structures as a symbol and face of Industrial Revolution era.

References

1.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast-iron_architecture

2.https://www.thoughtco.com/discover-cast-iron-architecture-177667

3.http://www.encyclopedia.com/earth-and-environment/minerals-mining- and-metallurgy/metallurgy-and-mining-terms-and-concepts/cast

4.http://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/cast-iron-architecture/

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Lysova Yu.D., Sarkisian T.A.

Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

THE ROLE OF THE ARCHITECTURE IN THE FORMATION OF THE

«NEW MAN»

From the earliest times, ideologists of communism have postulated that within the new society of pure communism and the social conditions therein, a New Man and New Woman would receive qualities reflecting surrounding circumstances of post scarcity and unprecedented scientific development. For example, Leon Trotsky wrote in 1924 in “Literature and Revolution” about the

"Communist", "man of the future” that the Soviet man was to be selfless, learned, healthy, muscular, and enthusiastic in spreading the socialist revolution.

This type of requirements demanded the newest decisions not only in the political sphere but in the art, literature and, of course, in architecture as one of the most social creative activity. Searching for something different from accepted methods of house construction, architects for the first time tried on the newest role of organizers of people`s life. They were filled with inspiration because of politician`s words and ideas which supported freedom from family`s moral standards.

Nonetheless, the first communal flats in 1924-1925 were not based on ideology; they were created by students for surviving: simplification of the household activities, socialization of the incomes and joint accommodation. Later on the model of student`s communes were created ideological ones, which included cooperative culture program and thorough selection of members.

They were noticed and at the end of 1920-th there were held design competitions, aimed at creating a new type of housing. A lot of students and professional architects took part in these events and after a time there were built the first communes or, to be accurate, housing of the intermediate type.

Those accommodations had a joint part with allocated sections for cooking, sleeping and leisure, with built-in nursery, canteen, laundry room, gym and other rooms (For example: Ivan Nikolaev's Communal House of the Textile Institute; Norkomfin building designed by Moisei Ginzburg with Ignaty). It was the first step to the formation of a new scheme of life, where the house was supposed to become a «machine for living» with minimized personal space.

As for engineering side of these structures, they were good calculated and it was taken for granted that materials would be of high quality. Nonetheless, the following analysis of the Norkomfin building, for example, showed that concrete in blocks were mixed with hay, reed and other side admixtures. It made the constriction less wear proof and comfortable because of sound and heat conductivity.

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Among others, there was the project, which was the quintessence of the new views and ideas. It was the graduation paper of N. S. Kuzmin, called

«music of the future». The architect developed «scientific organization of everyday life». He used it for organization of spaces for minors, dwelled in the commune. Using statistical data, he divided people into age groups and created a pie chart «timetable of life». Everyday activity was divided into seven parts:

Sleeping, recreation, repair of health;

Nutrition;

Sensual life;

Nurture of children;

Cultural and physical education;

Sanitary-hygienic service;

Medical service.

The minimum of time had been given to each of these points in the strict sequence.

With this method Kuzmin wanted to show a particular principle of designing, which included direct interconnection of architecture and consumers. Minors, which were the consumers of this structure, directly participated in the process, when Kusmin asked them about their needs and wishes, correcting mistakes and filling up the gaps.

Was this experiment successful? The Utopianism and reformism of everyday life that was behind the building's idea fell out of favour almost as soon as it was finished. After the start of the Five Year Plan and Joseph Stalin's consolidation of power, its collectivist and feminist ideas were rejected like 'Leftist' or Trotskyist ones. More than that, people were not ready for such radical changes; the institution of the family and connected with it scheme of life found themselves not as a holdover of the past, but as something valuable and ineradicable. For this reason, daily routine transformed the initial idea of «machines for living» into indwellers who couldn`t follow a timetable, life interfered in it.

The idea of joint accommodation was successful only in context of ideology and out of context of people`s psychology. It turns out to be possible only if it is taken for granted that people will always live the dream about better tomorrow and do their best for reaching it.

So, the architecture played an important role in the formation of the «New Man», extending borders of housing concept and, at the same time, indicated a new way in the organization of everyday life. It was connected with the necessity for changings and searching for targets in the new circumstances of life.

References

1.Ross, Moisei Ginzburg and Ignatii Milinis`,

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Available at: https://thecharnelhouse.org/2013/10/05/dom-narkomfin-in- moscow-1929/ (accessed 20 January 2017);

2.Machine for living; Available at: http://www.dynamicarchitecture.net/index.php?option=

com_content& view=article&id=34&Itemid=85&lang=eng (accessed 18 January 2018)

3.А.Н. Селиванова, Творческие поиски в теории и практике советской архитектуры 1930-х годов;

Available at: http://www.dissercat.com/content/tvorcheskie-poiski-v- teorii-i-praktike-sovetskoi-arkhitektury-1930-kh-godov (accessed 25 January 2018)

4.И. Невзгодин, Музыка будущего – дипломный проект домакоммуны Н.С. Кузьмина

Available at: http://arx.novosibdom.ru/node/397 (accessed 18 January

2017)

Izvolskaya D.S., Sarkisian T.A.

Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

THE ISSUE OF ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE PRESERVATIONIN

NIZHNY NOVGOROD

The cultural heritage property act in Russia implies work on identifying and preservation of the most important monuments of culture: archaeological, sculptural, pictorial, and finally, monuments of architecture associated with historical territories. The monument of architecture receiving this status is a nationally and globally significant object possessing historical and cultural value.

Currently, in Nizhny Novgorod there are more than 700 officially documented architectural monuments of the past — from wood and stone chambers of pre-petrine time to works of constructivism of Soviet era.

Unfortunately, you can't say that historical buildings in Nizhny Novgorod are in surely good preservation: a lot of monuments of architecture in the city and region have been lost in recent years, or are in a sad state, and restoration of architectural heritage is often conducted unprofessionally.

In this regard, it is possible to emphasize a number of issues, which prevent from preserving and increasing the wealth of cultural heritage of our city:

1. The imperfection of the architectural heritage act allows unfair owners of these objects in some cases, to neglect the object to exclude it from the registry of important monuments, and use this land for commercial purposes.

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2.A small amount of financial resources allocated from the federal budget to preserve regional monuments of architecture and their improper use as a result of corruption.

3.Tenders for the restoration are often conducted dishonestly, works are conducted without project documentation and eventually work is of poor quality.

4.Lobbying activities of the administration, not considering the issue of architectural city's heritage

5.Insufficient public control is the result of low interest of the city's residents in the preservation of cultural heritage monuments.

I emphasize the last problem as the main one, because with the development of civil society and rise of the overall level of education, residents can affect the town planning and cultural policy of the city. It can lead to positive changes in its environment.

At the present day existent urban organizations are young and few; an ordinary citizen doesn't know what benefit can bring to the city the preservation of cultural and historical environment and solicitous attitude to the architecture monuments. Let’s try to formulate a few theses, why it is important to keep historical appearance of the city:

1.First of all, unique architectural look of our city and monuments of architecture create city's "face», highlighting it against others. The demand for specialness in modern society is great.

2.The historical development is not aging. The preservation of architectural and spatial environment is significant, first of all, for the convenience of citizens, secondly, in order to avoid coexistence of modern glass office building with wooden houses.

3.The historical development increases the prestige and tourist level of the city that brings the city profit. Sure, it works in the long term, and costs associated with the restoration and adaptation of old architecture can be compensated for the period of 5-15 years. But this is a very common, and, in general, normal practice.

In conclusion I'd like to allocate only one problem as the main one. This problem is the low interest of the city's residents in the preservation of cultural heritage. And I think that each of us who cares about this problem can change the opinion of the city's residents, each of us can interest them. We can make a difference; we can change the situation in the city.

References

1.https://ru.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Культурное_наследие_России/

Нижегородская_область/Нижний_Новгород (правый_берег,_часть_3)

2.http://nnovgorod.rusplt.ru/index/sudba-doma-za-kotoryiy- vstupilsya- putin-25433.html

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3.http://community.livejournal.com/-politics-/8625962.html

Simonova E.P., Aleshugina E.A., Pavlova L.V.

Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

ANCIENT PRAM RESTORATION IN AUTOCAD

From the very childhood we were taken for a walk in a pram, but some of the prams were made at the time of our great-grandmothers and are of special interest.

The relevance of the topic is determined by the fact that the old wheelchair that has survived to our days and is represented in the technical museum of Nizhny Novgorod and it allows us to analyze the geometry of the picture and build it in various ways, both traditional "manual" technology and modern.

The purpose of this work is to study the ancient shape of the pram and the technology of constructing its two-dimensional image and three-dimensional model using modern computer technologies.

The object of the study is the process of creating a three-dimensional model of the ancient exhibit of the pram, represented in the Technical Museum of Nizhny Novgorod.

Methods of research: analysis of scientific and methodological literature on the research problem; study and study the construction of the main stages of creating two-dimensional and three-dimensional drawings.

Objectives of the study: the development of technology for constructing a two-dimensional and three-dimensional drawing of an old pram.

Theoretical significance of the study: information sheet for the technical museum on the history of the development of prams.

Practical significance: a three-dimensional model of a child's old pram. The first baby pram was founded in 1733 by William Kent, English

landscape architect at the request of the father of six children, the third Duke of Devonshire, William Cavendish.

During the reign of Queen Victoria, mother of nine children, whom she wanted to take for a in the Royal garden, fashion baby prams spread around the world.

Every year the design of prams improves, but they still resemble the adult crews in a reduced form, the child at this crew could only sit up so buggies were only applicable to older children and were considered a luxury.

Theoretical analysis of sources of information on the history and improvement of forms of the wheelchair shows that even in 1950-60 years of the

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twentieth century showed that prams were very expensive and only quite wealthy parents could afford them.

The advent of strollers in Russia dates back to the fortieth years, time on the order of Ordzhonikidze across the country has opened 50 shops for the production of "child transport" [1,2]. The latter fact draws attention to the fact that industrial production of baby prams started around 1949-50, when the sample brought from Germany, was created in this model.

At the same time in the streets of Soviet cities can be seen and a homemade pram, they differed from the "shop" extraordinary beauty and durability.

By the end of 1970-ies baby carriages ceased to be a rarity and became available to every family, and what kind of pushchair to choose — each family solved independently, since the selection was small — it was a pram or Soviet, or German import. Currently, the selection of children's prams is so big and diverse that once the child involuntarily lost from the abundance of the presented models is wheelchair–transformers, is made of environmentally friendly materials, and prams with switching modes of travel on different road types, there are prams with a built-in entertainment system when baby can listen to his favorite lullaby...

And now we look at vintage baby strollers, pictures of which sometimes appear in the Internet without even thinking what they were interesting in the method of manufacture and form.

Our attention was drawn to vintage stroller 1870, which we saw in the Technical Museum of Nizhny Novgorod, made of vines, it was like she was floating in the air, attracting the attention of all visitors to its elegance and form [3]. Upon closer examination, it is seen that the frame of the stroller is made of iron forging, and the pattern is made of the vine [Picture 1].

Fishnet pram inspired to create her three-dimensional model. But before performing a three-dimensional model of child old stroller, we took first in the form of preliminary sketches to work out the artistic patterns on individual elements of the stroller. The geometry of the pattern is simple and concise, when viewed from the perspective of geometric constructions.

Next, we embarked on a three-dimensional simulation of prams in the package AutoCAD. As a result of working with AutoCAD is not drawing in the conventional sense of the word, and actually file that contains some geometric and auxiliary information, fully describing the graphical object. In this sense, the drawing on the sheet of paper is fundamentally different from design with the help of AutoCAD, while working with the AutoCAD model of the communication system the difference is not so evident [Picture 2].

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Klementeva O.E., Fedotova O.A., Aleshugina E.A., Loshkareva D.A.

Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

ARCHITECTURE OF THE WORLD PARKS

Architectural monuments and parks are the face of any city. It is a place, where people can shelter from hustle and bustle of big cities. It is easily available rest for everyone, who wants to enjoy the peace and quiet. What is more, parks have positive influence on human health. Residents of a large metropolis other do not have an opportunity to trip into the countryside and rest from the heavy, busy everyday work and pollution.

In the world there are many kinds of parks: some of them are situated in cities providing wonderful territory for walks and rest. There are also many national parks with the objective to conserve wildlife, natural beauty and culture of the region and theme parks to let your hair down on the most terrifying rollercoasters. All of them are popular tourist destinations and local people also adore them.

The object of this work is a research of the most interesting parks’ architecture of the world. Therefore, the first unique place is located in the capital of China.

Beijing is one of the most urbanized cities in the world but here we can see a place with ancient architecture and landscape. It is Beihai Park [Picture 1]. The park is located to the northwest from the Forbidden City and almost adjoins Jinshan Park.

The history of this unique place returns us in the tenth century when great dynasties ruled China and only after 1925 citizens could visit the Beihai Park. Beihai is translated as North Sea. In real time it is just a lake. The area of the park reaches 69

hectares. This park has a unique architecture and gardens. We should better start the walk through the

park with Jade Flower Island. In the center of the island, there is a big ancient cult construction, which calls The White Pagoda. It looks like s mortar 35 meters high. The Pagoda was built in 1651 by emperor Shunzhi of the Qing dynasty. The mortar has a Buddhist style, which shown in a single round structure of the building with a spike above and a gold tip with a sphere, reminding a flame. If we closer look at the spike, we can see fourteen small copper bells. The bricks and stones painted by white lime. There is no entrance to the mortar, but an ancient people believed that there are the Buddhist writing, monastic cloaks, vessels for alms and bones of monks.

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