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other cities of the USSR, both in the external appearance of the facades and in the layout of objects that can be seen in the comparative table (Fig. 4).

Fig. 4. Comparative table

References

1.Voronkov, V. Raboty po planirovke i zastroyke goroda Gor'kogo : [k 750-letiyu g. Gor'kogo] / V. Voronkov // Arkhitektrua SSSR. -1971. -№1. -P. 8-10

2.Vseobshchaya istoriya arkhitektury v 12 tomakh / Gos. komitet po grazhd. str-vu i arkhitekture pri Gosstroye SSSR, N-i. in-t teorii, istorii i perspekt. problem sovetskoy arkhitektury. Tom 12 (pervaya kniga): Arkhitektura SSSR / Pod redaktsiyey N. V. Baranova. - M.: Stroyizdat. 1975. - 755 P.

Mlava K.P.I., Nadezhdina N.G.

Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

DO PEOPLE NEED PUBLIC SPACES?

There is a rising problem that public spaces are increasingly being neglected in many new construction projects. Even existing public spaces are also suffering from aggressive re-purposing into commercial objects like office buildings and apartment complexes.

This article aims to justify the importance of public spaces for people.

This is attempted by first defining the term “public spaces”. Then the article

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lists the desirable characteristics of a good public space. Finally, the emphasis is laid on the need to have public spaces.

There are many definitions of a public space. This one is the most appropriate for the research :“A place where everyone has the right to come without being excluded because of social or economic conditions (payment of an entrance fee, membership fee or fulfillment of any other prerequisite condition)”1. Examples of public spaces include parks, squares, sports grounds, markets and communication spaces like roads, alleys and bridges.

What makes a public space good or successful? When a public space is created, three questions should be taken into consideration: if there is a good balance of gender, age, social groups; if the place is welcoming to the local community and tourist-friendly; if the locals take pride to have it in their community.

Moreover, a successful public place is usually:

unique- it has some feature or activity that it can be identified with;

accessible- it is easy to get to and it is connected to other parts of the community;

safe- it is protected from vehicular traffic, from threat of personal injury and from criminal activity;

comfortable- it has seating benches, shading from the natural elements like sunlight, wind and rain. It also has insulation from the surrounding hustle and bustle of daily scenes;

interactive passivelyit has fountains, statues, etc.;

interactive activelyit has playgrounds, bike rinks, kart racing circuits, cafés, etc.;

aesthetically pleasing - public spaces are greatly judged by their appearances.

The characteristics mentioned above are all from the point of view of the developer or designer or architect. The community, as a rule, must also be involved in creating these spaces. If the community is not involved in the process of creation, these places will be deserted and be just empty shells.

We need to keep in mind though, that a new public space needs time to mature to become successful and eventually be filled with human activities.

Why do we need public spaces?

1.Public spaces enhance our well being

This is especially true in the city environment. It does not really apply to rural settings. Public spaces like parks mitigate air and noise pollution. Water fronts in some instances are also used as defenses to protect people from flooding.

2. Public spaces build a sense of community, civic identity and culture and promotes social cohesion

On its own account, a park cannot build a community as previously mentioned. It is the people who create and build communities by participating in

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daily activities and events. The public space merely provides a conducive environment for them. A good public space can and will inspire and attract citizens to come together and interact in that space.

Heroes Square, Budapest, Hungary Photo by Bela Szandelczky

3.Publics spaces have the ability to drive economic growth

The obvious examples are markets, yamarka, shopping malls where physical money changes hands and deals are struck.

A study by the UN Habitat established a strong correlation between the amount of land allocated to public spaces in a city to the development of that city. The report recommends that as much as 45% - 50% of the city land should be allocated for public spaces; 30% -35% of which should be for streets and the remaining 15% - 20% for open spaces.

4.Public spaces can transform wasted space

Abandoned and wasted spaces take on a new life and stimulate economic growth.

5. Good public spaces give character and enhance architectural diversity

In a concrete jungle a dash of colour, some comedic relief, fake historical tiny buildings can give some diversity and uniqueness to the architecture of the city.

To sum up, the answer to the question: “Do people need public spaces?” is an emphatic YES! People do need public spaces. The absence or limited availability of public spaces leads to disharmony among people and low levels of community participation and patriotism. It also fosters the growth of narcissistic behaviors, crumbling of human empathy, ecological and environmental degradation, difficulties to travel from one place to another,

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physiological and psychological stress and low citizen morale. All these lead to low productivity and hence negative economic growth.

It is a duty of architects as future professionals to protect public spaces from the forces that would like to destroy them or otherwise render them unusable. Architects need to protect public spaces, improve them and adapt them so that they can survive for the generations coming after to enjoy the benefits as well.

References

1.Streets as Public Spaces and Drivers of Urban Development, UN HABITAT, 2013

2.Social Interactions in Urban Public Spaces, Caroline Holland, Andrew Clark, Jeanne Katz and Sheila Peace, 2007

3.Architectural Design of Public Places, Anna Lazerevna Gelfond,

2013

4.Public Spaces; How They Humanize Cities, Debra Efroymson, Tran Thi Kieu Thanh Ha Pham Thu Ha, 2009

5.What Makes a Successful Place, Placemaking 101, www.pps.org/reference

6.4 Keys for Creating a Successful Place, Lisa Young, www.culturedays.ca

7.Top 5 Reasons Why Public Space is Important, Lisa Young, www.culturedays.ca

Smagina A.S., Nadezhdina N.G.

Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

RESTORATION OF THE WALLS AND TOWERS OF NIZHNY NOVGOROD KREMLIN IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY

Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin has always played an essential role in townplanning of the city. The theme of this research is «Restoration of the walls and towers of Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin in the second half of the 20th century».

The purpose of this research is to study the process of restoration of Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin in the second half of the 20th century and systematize it. The most active Kremlin restoration was carried out right at that time and we have a lot of information about it.

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The Kremlin was in the ruined state in the middle of the 20th century because of various factors. It required urgent engineering, fortification architectural and restoration work as well as liquidation of emergency areas. As the Kremlin was in a very bad technical state at that period long preparation and careful study had to be done. It was necessary to make engineering protection, to ensure the stability of the Kremlin hill, to identify and restore the original architecture of the walls, towers and buildings inside the Kremlin - all the structures that formed the urban dominant ensemble. Decision about necessity to save Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin was made at the State level. The aim of the restoration was to revive the original concept and to carry out restoration according to the original drawings.

Special research and restoration workshop started its work on Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin in 1949. S.L. Agafonov became the leading architect of the workshop in 1951. He studied available archival materials and did scientific research of defensive structures of ancient Russian architecture before getting down to development of the restoration project. S.L. Agafonov got acquainted with the history, compositional features, planning structure and fortification system properly. That allowed the architect-restorer to solve the problems of restoration of Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin competently. As a result, the Kremlin was restored in accordance with this aim.

To add to this, during the restoration carried out in the 1950-1960 the most complete information about Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin, its architecture, structure, its meaning for Russian culture and for Nizhny Novgorod region in particular appeared.

Now it is necessary to study the process of restoration of the Kremlin and to systematize this material. No doubt, this theme is relevant today, because the Kremlin is the symbol of Nizhny Novgorod, its landmark and a center of tourist attraction. On the other hand, at present time there are some negative phenomena, violating its architectural appearance: vandals, advertising, shops, etc. Systematization of the restoration material will help to carry out restoration work of the Kremlin in the future.

Restoration and re-integration of details of the Kremlin should be based on authentic materials, archeological evidence, original design and authentic documents. So, the tasks of the research are: first of all, to find, to read and to systematize special literature; secondly, to study archival drawings; thirdly, to formulate the results of the research for presentation.

Part of the materials has already been collected and classified. That is classification of types of work performed by the Gorky Restoration Workshop during restoration of Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin:

1.Collection of information: study of history, work with the archives;

2.Preparatory work on location:

-surveys (pits, probes);

-archeology;

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-cleaning from debris;

-observation of the deformation of the walls (distortion, setting of some sections, a disintegration of masonry);

-architectural and archaeological measurements;

3.Projects and preliminary design:

-architectural (reconstruction (hipped roofs, walls, etc.), restoration, recreation);

-engineering (temporary strengthening, constructive solutions);

4.Work on location:

-emergency work (reinforcement of the foundation, temporary cover arrangement, etc.);

-cleaning of plaster;

-demolishing of some parts, correction and restoration of masonry and white stone of vaults, walls, parapets, merlons;

-opening of the openings;

-the arrangement of a waterproofing layer;

-repair of wooden structures (in some places replacement for metal);

-repair of metal and iron structures;

-putting the floors;

-the territory drainage;

-re-creation;

5.Photofixation

In conclusion it can be noticed that creation of common systematization of

all types of work carried out on Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin can give necessary material for a more detailed study of each type of work.

Mitrokhina T.A., Nadezhdina N.G.

Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

FEATURES OF RESTORATION IN NIZHNY NOVGOROD AT THE

END OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

Preservation of monuments of architecture is one of the most important tasks of modern society. Now interest in Russian history and culture has increased. Preservation of historical cities and their restoration have become a significant issue. The theme of this research is "Features of restoration practice in Nizhny Novgorod at the end of the twentieth century".

At the end of the 20th century radical changes in the sphere of cultural heritage protection took place in Russia, but the problem is that there is no analysis and systematization of the information about the changes of that period.

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The topic is relevant, as it is necessary to identify positive trends that can affect the improvement of the modern restoration system.

The purpose of this study is to analyze, systematize and identify peculiarities of methodological approaches to restoration in Nizhny Novgorod in the 1990s.

The USSR broke up in the early 1990s, and new Russia came into existence. The country passed to "market relations". Competition, private ownership and entrepreneurship appeared. The new conditions in the country affected the sphere of restoration. The state funding and the volume of restoration work decreased. A wide network of non-state restoration workshops appeared.

The property status of monuments and the nature of monument ownership changed. Private persons appeared who became owners of some monuments. Most customers who wanted to restore their property ignored the requirements for the preservation and restoration of monuments. Their actions and attitude to monument restoration were guided by their tastes, financial capabilities and their goals to get profit.

The country returned to the traditions of religion. The reconstruction and restoration of religious architectural objects began. The church became the owner of some part of cultural heritage and the main customer in the sphere of restoration. There was no law on the preservation of architectural objects of cultural heritage. That complicated the situation.

Such conditions in the restoration sphere were throughout Russia, including Nizhny Novgorod. In 1990 a single enterprise on restoration works "Gorky Special Scientific and Restoration Production Workshop" was liquidated. Instead, 5 main non-state restoration workshops emerged:

1.The Municipal Enterprise "Proektrestavratsiya"

2.Scientific-research enterprise "Ethnos"

3.Territorial investment company "Stary Nizhniy Novgorod"

4.Architectural bureau "Etude"

5.Co Ltd "Practice"

Proceeding from the purpose, the tasks of the research are: firstly, to analyze how the restored buildings changed during the restoration process; secondly, to explore the methods and techniques; thirdly, to understand how the project was being implemented; fourthly, to learn the present state of the monuments; fifthly, to determine the main typology and customers of the restored buildings, etc.

Restoration research are carried out on the following examples: Alexander Nevsky Cathedral at Strelka, Staroyarmorochniy Spassky Cathedral, School No.3 on Gorky Square, the church in the village of Shelyaukhovo and others. These are very valuable objects for our region. A lot of scientific research have been done to bring these buildings to an appropriate appearance.

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At this stage of the research, a table of comparative analysis of the objects was drawn up for further identification of the methods of restoration. Moreover, positive and negative trends of restoration practice of the 1990-2000s were revealed.

Positive trends:

1.Restoration of religious architectural objects. Negative trends:

1.Absence of a unified system of restoration.

2.Lack of funding for restoration activities.

3.Lack of a legislative base on restoration of that period.

4.Appearance of "novodels", models of buildings.

5.Transferring the objects of restoration to private customers.

6.Creation of a network of non-state restoration workshops.

The research will result in the systematization and identification of methodological approaches to restoration in Nizhny Novgorod in the 1990s, which will be able to influence the modern restoration system improvement.

Dmitrieva Е.А.

Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

THE DEVIANT BEHAVIOR OF FAMILY-FRIENDLY BREEDS OF

DOGS

The problem of pet animal deviant behavior is acute in modern society. Mostly the problem refers to dogs. We face this problem in many countries around the world. Aggressiveness, pathological fears and other phenomena are widely spread nowadays.

Lack of necessary skills of treating pet animals brings about animal behavior disorders. Though ill-treatment is not considered to be the only reason, we suppose upbringing to be the key factor in the dog behavior shaping.

The aim of our work is to study the influence of upbringing on the deviant behavior of family-friendly breeds of dogs.

When we say bring up a dog we mean teach the dog all the necessary things it needs to communicate with people: obedience, loyalty, understanding what’s wrong to do, behavior at home and outdoors etc.

We mustn’t mix up the terms upbringing and training though, of course, they are interrelated. Training is coaching to modify the dog’s behavior and develop some skills. The aim of upbringing is to raise a disciplined, brave, physically strong dog with a good nervous system. If the dog was raised badly, it

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will result in unpleasant things for the owner of the dog, as well as for the pet animal itself. It may lead to the dog deviant behavior.

From the pie chart below we can see different causes of deviant behavior of pet animals but the most important cause is the dog owner’s personal qualities and lack of experience which accounts for 80%.

To bring up a dog that is physically and mentally healthy we should remember the following points:

1.All dogs must have opportunity to satisfy their need in physical activity but the level of the need depends on the breed.

2.Except for physical exercise, mental exercise is also needed. We should also train the dog playing ‘educational’ and search games.

3.From young age the dog needs social activity – they communicate with people, owners and strangers, interact with other dogs.

4.If the owner wants to dominate and influence the dog by force, the dog won’t respect, trust or obey him.

5.If the dog has never been restricted in its actions, the owner might notice the sings of domineering or neurotic behavior.

6.Sometimes the owner interprets the normal behavior of the dog as deviant. It may cause the state of anxiety of the dog.

7.If the owner is aggressive and mentally unstable, the dog won’t be either calm or even-tempered.

8.The dog can’t be left alone for a long time. It feels discomfort and it leads to mental disorders and then – to physical ones.

In our research we used the method of testing. We tested 15 owners of the dogs. It was a test to determine the character of interaction between the owner and his pet animal: collegiate, directive or permissive style. Also we did the questionnaire survey into the peculiarities of dog behavior from the point of view of their owners.

Having determined the character of interaction, it is possible to determine the cause of deviant behavior and how to correct it. Let me demonstrate the results of the test. Let’s take miniature poodle.

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