7. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Diagnosis(2)

If a fault is detected by the monitoring way, the system condition changes from the "regular" to the "disturbed" condition.

At this point, the diagnosis system comes into operation. It detects the causes of the functional disturbance by means of the following information:

• Location of the fault

• Type of the fault

• Cause of the fault

According to type and cause of the disturbance, a decision can be made about the best reaction to put into operation. This decision is graded according to the type of faults, and can range from an indication and a protocol, to automatically switching off the process or switching over to other units.

Since it cannot usually be guaranteed that all possible disturbance conditions can be detected automatically, the system might come to a point where disturbance effects bring it to an uncomfortable condition. This condition might also result if disturbances were detected, but no effective reactions were programmed. In such cases, an interaction by human operators is unavoidable. This shows that a completely unmanned factory is unrealistic for complex systems. A process disturbed into uncontrollable condition has too great a potential for damage.

Monitoring and diagnosis must be two separate processes. A monitoring indication depends on an information source that has a diagnosis information, i.e. monitoring always includes a certain diagnosis knowledge about the location of the disturbance.

8. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. When does the diagnosis system come into operation?

2. What information does it use to detect the causes of the disturbances?

3. What kind of reaction can be used in order to recover the manufacturing process?

4. When does a system come to an uncontrollable condition?

5. When is an interaction by human operators unavoidable?

6. Why is a completely unmanned factory unrealistic?

9. Найдите в тексте синонимы следующих слов и выражений. Переведите их.

automated factory, impossible, the error, the state, to come to, to begin to act, the power

10. Найдите в тексте слова того же корня, что и следующие. Переведите их.

the action, the man, the reality, to decide, the inclusion

11. Образуйте с помощью конверсии существительные от следующих глаголов. Переведите их.

to range, to switch, to cause, to result, to damage, to supply

12. Переведите текст письменно со словарем.

The pH (показатель концентрации водородных ионов) loop has been generally recognized as the most difficult loop in process control. Many, if not most, pH control loops are unsatisfactory, either limit-cycling or slow to response to upsets or both. Considerable effort has been done designing advanced control systems to solve these problems. Not enough has been done in designing the neutralization process to be controllable. If the process is designed to be controllable, the control system can be more effective and simpler, and, therefore easier to operate and maintain.