Unit 2 (18). Pain. Anasthesia.

Ex.1. Read and memorize the words and phrases:

головний біль, - headache,

жагучий біль - burning pain

зубний біль - toothache

іррадіюючий біль - radiating /referred /extending pain

колючий біль - piercing /stabbing pain

сильний біль - troublesome /excruciating pain

невралгічний біль - neuralgic pain

нестерпний біль - unbearable pain

постійний/безперервний(біль)-constant/persistent/continuous пульсуючий біль - throbbing pain

різкий біль - sharp pain

стискуючий біль – tightening /pressing pain

сильний біль – severe / intense /violent /bad pain

слабкий біль – slight pain

стійкий біль – steady /lasting pain

стріляючий біль – shooting pain

тупий біль – dull pain

довгочасний тупий біль – long-standing dull pain

фантомний біль – phantom limb pain

біль в грудях – chest pain

біль в животі – stomachache

біль в попереку – back pain

біль в суглобах – joint pain, arthralgia

несподіваний (поступовий) початок болю - sudden (gradual) onset of pain

загострення (посилення) болю – exacerbation of pain, increased pain

приступ болю – episode, attack of pain,

боліти, мати біль – to hurt, to have pain, to be painful

мучитися від болю – to suffer from pain, to have excruciating pain

починатися (про біль) – to start, to occur, to come on (of pain)

полегшувати біль – to relieve /allay/ alleviate /mitigate pain

терпіти біль – to bear /endure /stand pain

посилюватися (про біль) – to increase, to worsen, to precipitate (of pain)

відчувати біль – to feel /have /experience pain

Що зазвичай викликає біль? – What usually causes the pain?

Який у вас біль? Постійний (приступоподібний, сильний, слабкий, гострий, тупий)? – What kind of pain do you have? Is it constant (severe, slight, sharp, dull)?

Куди віддає біль? В який бік, вверх, вниз, в руку (ногу, плече)? – Where does the pain radiate to? To which side, upwards, downwards, into the arm (leg, shoulder)?

Що полегшує біль? – What relieves the pain?

Ex.2. Skim the text and answer the questions:

PAIN

There is no adequate stimuli for pain; any form of stimulus evokes pain if sufficiently strong. Pain is the most primitive and one of the most important of all sensations. It is generally held that the free nerve endings of small myelinated fibres which do not end in specialized anatomic structures constitute the receptors for pain. They are the most widely distributed receptors in the body, being found in the skin, cornea, blood vessels and most viscera.

Pain can be relieved by reducing the irritability of the nerve as by compression, cold, drugs or by reducing the sensitivity of the cerebral cells, as in general anaesthesia.

Pain can be elicited by stimulating a nerve fibre at any point along its course, but the sensation is always referred, or projected, to the endings of the nerve.

Pain cannot always be definitely localized, especially when it is severe and of long duration, the sensation then seems to spread to neighbouring parts.

Answer the questions:

1. How can the pain be relieved? 2. Can pain be localized? 3. Where are receptors for pain distributed? 4. Can pain always be localized? 5. What are the most widely distributed receptors in the body? 6. Where can these receptors be found?

Ex.3. Translate the text : Duration Acute an episode that lasts for seconds to less than about 6 months. chronic an episode of pain that lasts for 6 months or long. Quality Sharp pain that is sticking in nature and is intense. Dull pain that is not as intense or acute as sharp pain, possibly more annoying than painful. Diffuse pain that covers a large area. Shifting pain that moves from one are to another, Other terms used to describe the quality of pain include sore, stinging, pinching, cramping, cutting, throbbing, shooting. Severity Severe or excruciating Periodicity Continuous pain that does not stop. Intermittent pain that stops and starts again . Brief or transient pain that passes quickly.

Ex. 4. Read the text: