Cardiovascular diseases. Heart

Ex.7. Read and memorize the words:

angina pectoris	стенокардія,
asthma	астма
auricle	вушко передсердя
circulatory	циркуляторний
congenital	природжений
contractile	здатний до скорочення
cyanosis	ціаноз, синюха
dyspnoea	задишка
edema	набряк
to eject	викидати
failure	недостатність
hepatomegaly	збільшення печінки
hollow	порожнистий
to impair	порушувати,
incompetence	нездатність
to involve	включати, залучати
ischemic	ішемічний
nausea	нудота
nocturia	нічне нетримання сечі
orifice	отвір, прохід
outlet	вихід, вихідний отвір
pit	ямка
to predispose	схиляти, привертати
rupture	розрив
superior	верхній
valve	клапан
atrioventricular valve	атріовентрикулярний
bicuspid valve	двостулковий клапан
mitral valve	митральний клапан
tricuspid valve	тристулковий клапан

The heart is a hollow contractile muscle. The cardiac muscle itself (myocardium) is enclosed in the pericardium; inside it is lined with a smooth membrane - the endocardium. The principal function of the heart is to pump blood from the veins into the arteries, arterioles and capillaries, and to receive it via the venules, veins and the superior and inferior vena cava.

In order to perform this duty, the heart is divided into two separate pumps, the right side serving the pulmonary or lesser circulation, - and the left side serving the rest of the body - systemic circulation.

Each side of the heart consists of an atrium, and a ventricle . There is a septum between the two sides and an orifice between the atrium and its corresponding ventricle. These orifices are served by the tricuspid, bicuspid (mitral), pulmonary and aortic valves

This group of diseases - probably the commonest of all - involves the circulatory system(the heart with the blood vessels).

General symptoms and clinical manifestations of heart disease. Dyspnoea on effort or at rest is the most usual symptom, sometimes coming in paroxisms (cardiac asthma), and so are palpitations and precordial pain. Patients often complain of loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting and report nocturia, oliguria and albuminuria. Other signs of cardiovascular disease include hypertension, cyanosis, hepatomegaly, venous engorgement, etc.

Some of the main cardiovascular diseases. Congenital heart defects may be due to a number of causes .

Heart failure, too, has many causes, it really means than that heart fails to pump all the blood it receives from the veins into the arteries.

Cardiac arrest is failure of the heart action to maintain adequate cerebral circulation in the absence of obvious disease.

Angina pectoris and acute myocardial infarction due to coronary thrombosis come under the heading of ischemic heart disease (IHD). In IHD the blood supply to the heart muscle is impaired due to atheroma, a degeneration of the lining of the coronary arteries with loss of elasticity. Acute myocardial infarction may lead to sudden death, there may be serious complications such as cardiac arrhythmia; cardiogenic shock, cardiac rupture, etc.

The heart is normal with no detectable pathological changes.

Ex.8. Answer the following questions:

1. What comes under the heading of the circulatory system?

2. How would you define the heart?

3. Explain the difference between the pericardium and endocardium .

4. What is the anatomical composition of the heart?

5. What is the difference between systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation?

6. What types of heart valves are there?

7. What is the physiological difference between an atrium and a ventricle?

8. When do clinicians speak of heart failure?

9. What do cardiac patients generally complain of?

10. How do you recognise pitting edema?

11. When do we speak of cardiac arrest?

12. What does the term ischemic heart disease imply?

13. What is wrong with the patient who suffers from cardiac arrhythmia?

14. What is atheroma?

15. What are the general causes of heart disease?

Ex.9. Rearrange the words to obtain the correct word order:

1. I have yet today not seen nurse Bell.

2. Angiography was last night well performed.

1. Some five litres of blood are per minute forced into the arteries in a systole.

3. Successfully the operation was in the late afternoon on March 11-th performed.

5. I never have seen a so serious case of mitral incompetence.

6. Such only cases always should surgically be treated.

7. You ought certainly as soon as possible to have at the health center your blood pressure taken.