At the Gastroenterological Department

At the Gastroenterological Department there are patients who have problems with digestion.

There are many common diseases that affect the organs of the digestive system and upset the body's ability to process food. They are: appendicitis, indigestion, hemorroids constipation, diarrhoea, ulcers, gastritis, colitis, pancreatitis etc.

Indigestion is a term used to describe a variety of symptoms such as stomachache, nausea, vomiting, or mild pain in the abdomen. Symptoms of indigestion might indicate a minor problem. If they persist ,the condition might be a serious one. Symptoms of indigestion can be caused by eating too fast, emotional stress, or food poisoning.

Digestive juices produced in the stomach are called gastric juices. Gastric juices are acid in nature. Alcohol use, cigarette smoking, stress or poor diet can cause an overproduction of acid. Ulcers are often a result of this excess acidic condition. Ulcers are open sores in the lining of the stomach and small intestine. They may bleed or penetrate the stomach tissue. Ulcers may be treated with medications and diet, but surgery is sometimes necessary.

The appendix is a small sac (міхур) attached to the end of the small intestine. It has no known function. Appendicitis is an infection and inflammation of the appendix. When this occurs, the appendix should be surgically removed to prevent it from rupturing. If the appendix ruptures, infected material may enter the abdominal cavity and cause a serious infection called peritonitis. Constipation is a condition that results when wastes move through the colon too slowly. Too much water is absorbed into body tissues, causing the faeces to be hard and dry. This type of bowel movement becomes difficult and is often painful.

Constipation can be caused by a lack of foods containing fiber, such as whole wheat, fruits, and leafy vegetables. Other causes are lack of exercise, lack of water in the diet, and postponing a bowel movement. If constipation persists a patient may be recommended a laxative. Diarrhoea is a condition that occurs when intestinal wastes move through the colon too quickly. Diarrhoea can be caused by emotional stress or by microorganisms in food or drink. If diarrhea is not treated, it can cause dehydration. Dehydration is loss of water. Dehydration is more likely to occur in infants. Hemorrhoids are enlarged veins within the rectum, the lower part of the large intestine. Hemorrhoids can burst and bleed. Medications are available, but sometimes surgery is needed to correct extreme cases.

Ex.3. Suggest the Ukrainian equivalents:

розлад травлення, диспепсія; шлунковий сік; недостатнє фізичне навантаження; необхідне хірургічне втручання; полегшити закріп; втрата води; може спричинити смерть; потрапити в черевну порожнини.

Ex.4. Answer the questions to the text:

1. What is indigestion? 2. What diseases of gastrointestinal tract do you know? 3. What can cause an overproduction of acid? 4. Ulcers are open sores in the lining of the stomach and small intestine, aren’t they? 5. How do wastes move through the colon when the person has constipation? 6. What is diarrhea caused by? 7. Who is dehydration more likely to occur in? 8. What may hemorrhoids be caused by? 9.What may enter the abdominal cavity and cause a serious infection called peritonitis?

Ex.5 . Say if it true or false:

1. Symptoms of indigestion might indicate a minor problem.

2. Ulcers are open sores in the walls of the stomach and small intestine.

3. The appendix is a small sac attached to the end of the large intestine.

4. A ruptured appendix can result in peritonitis.

5. Constipation is a condition that results when wastes move through the colon too slowly.

6. Ulcers can burst and bleed.

7. Infection may enter the abdominal cavity and cause a serious infection called peritonitis.

Ex.6. Suggest the Ukrainian equivalents:

affect the organs of the digestive system; digestive juices; an overproduction of acid; open sores in the lining of the stomach;

may be treated with medications and diet; cause a serious infection; a lack of foods containing fiber; can cause dehydration; enlarged veins, peritonitis.

Ex.7. Read and translate the text: