Руководство ВОЗ по питанию женщин
.pdf
ȿȼɊɈɉȿɃɋɄɈȿ ɊȿȽɂɈɇȺɅɖɇɈȿ ȻɘɊɈ
____________________________
ɊȿȽɂɈɇȺɅɖɇɈȿ ȻɘɊɈ ɘɇɂɋȿɎ ɀɟɧɟɜɚ
ɋɬɪɚɧɵ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ, ɋɨɞɪɭɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ ɢ Ȼɚɥɬɢɢ
SCHERFIGSVEJ 8
DK-2100 COPENHAGEN Ø
DENMARK
ɌȿɅ.: +45 39 17 17 17 ɎȺɄɋ: +45 39 17 18 18 ɌȿɅȿɄɋ: 12000
E-MAIL: POSTMASTER@WHO.DK WEB SITE: HTTP://WWW.WHO.DK
EUR/01/5028597
ɈɊɂȽɂɇȺɅ: ȺɇȽɅɂɃɋɄɂɃ
ɇȿɈɌɊȿȾȺɄɌɂɊɈȼȺɇɇɕɃ
E73470R
ɁȾɈɊɈȼȺə ɉɂɓȺ ɂ ɉɂɌȺɇɂȿ ɀȿɇɓɂɇ ɂ ɂɏ ɋȿɆȿɃ
ɍɱɟɛɧɵɣ ɤɭɪɫ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ
ɑɚɫɬɶ 1: ɂɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɤɨɞɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɢ ɪɚɡɞɚɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ
2002 ɝ.
ɊȿɁɘɆȿ
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɣ ɤɭɪɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɥɢɰ, ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ, ɩɨ ɬɚɤɨɦɭ ɜɚɠɧɨɦɭ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ ɤɚɤ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɟɦɟɣ. ɀɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɬɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɚ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɜɫɤɚɪɦɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɝɪɭɞɶɸ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɝɨɬɨɜɹɬ ɩɢɳɭ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɟɦɶɢ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ, ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ, ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɤɭɪɫ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ ɨ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɹɯ ɩɨ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɸ, ɨɛ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɧɭɬɪɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɤɚɤɢɟ ɫɨɜɟɬɵ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɪɨɞɨɜɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɟ, ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɹɫɶ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɹɯ ȼɈɁ ɩɨ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɨɦɭ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɸ. ɉɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɭ ɤɭɪɫɚ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɤɚɤ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ (ɫ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟɦ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ ɢ ɫ ɩɨɹɫɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɤɨɞɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ), ɤɨɞɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɪɚɡɞɚɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɱɟɦɭ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɣ.
© ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ – 2002 ɝ.
ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɟ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɛɸɪɨ ȼɈɁ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɡɚ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɜɫɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɟɝɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɪɟɰɟɧɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɪɟɮɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɚ ɫɫɵɥɤɚ ɧɚ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ (ɧɟ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɚ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɥɢɛɨ ɢɧɨɟ ɟɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɥɹɯ). ɑɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɦɛɥɟɦɵ ȼɈɁ, ɬɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɷɬɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɨ ɨɬ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɸɪɨ ȼɈɁ. Ʌɸɛɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ: ɉɟɪɟɜɨɞɱɢɤ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɧɟɫɟɬ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚ. Ɋɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɛɸɪɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɟɦɭ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɬɪɢ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ. ȼɫɸ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɥɸɛɵɟ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɵ, ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɟ, ɧɟɫɭɬ ɫɚɦɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ.
Ɋɟɞɚɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɫɥɭɠɛɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɸɪɨ ȼɈɁ, Ʉɨɩɟɧɝɚɝɟɧ
ɋɈȾȿɊɀȺɇɂȿ
ɍɱɟɛɧɵɣ ɤɭɪɫ “Ɂɞɨɪɨɜɚɹ ɩɢɳɚ ɢ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɟɦɟɣ”
ɍɱɟɛɧɵɣ ɤɭɪɫ “Ɂɞɨɪɨɜɚɹ ɩɢɳɚ ɢ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɟɦɟɣ” ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ:
ɑɚɫɬɶ 1: ɂɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɤɨɞɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɢ ɪɚɡɞɚɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ
ɑɚɫɬɶ 2: Ɉɡɧɚɤɨɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɟɞɤɭɪɫɨɜɨɣ ɛɭɤɥɟɬ ɫ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ Ⱦɜɚ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɵ ɞɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɤɭɪɫɚ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɱɚɫɬɶ 2 ɤɭɪɫɚ ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɡɚ 10 ɞɧɟɣ ɞɨ ɟɝɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ
ɑɚɫɬɶ 3: Ɂɞɨɪɨɜɨɟ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɥɚɤɬɚɰɢɢ: ɛɭɤɥɟɬ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɟɣ
ɑɚɫɬɶ 1: ɂɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ |
|
ɤɨɞɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɢ ɪɚɡɞɚɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ |
|
|
ɋɬɪ. |
ȼɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ........................................................................................................... |
1 |
ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɤɭɪɫɚ ........................................................................................................ |
2 |
Ɂɚɧɹɬɢɟ 1 |
|
ɋɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɢɳɢ ɭ ɧɟɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ, |
|
ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɤɨɪɦɹɳɢɯɠɟɧɳɢɧ |
|
Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɹ ............................................................................................... |
11 |
Ʉɨɞɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ .............................................................................................................................. |
17 |
Ɋɚɡɞɚɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ............................................................................................................... |
|
Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ ....................................................................................................................... |
21 |
Ɂɚɧɹɬɢɟ 2 |
|
Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ, |
|
ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɤɨɪɦɹɳɢɯɠɟɧɳɢɧ |
|
Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ............................................................................................. |
23 |
Ʉɨɞɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ .............................................................................................................................. |
30 |
Ɋɚɡɞɚɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ........................................................................................................... |
34 |
Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ ....................................................................................................................... |
40 |
Ɂɚɧɹɬɢɟ 3 |
|
ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɟɦ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ |
|
Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ............................................................................................. |
42 |
Ʉɨɞɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ .............................................................................................................................. |
46 |
Ɋɚɡɞɚɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ........................................................................................................... |
49 |
Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ ....................................................................................................................... |
50 |
Ɂɚɧɹɬɢɟ 4 |
|
Ʉɭɪɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɢɳɢ |
|
Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ............................................................................................. |
52 |
Ʉɨɞɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ .............................................................................................................................. |
55 |
Ɋɚɡɞɚɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ........................................................................................................... |
34 |
Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ ....................................................................................................................... |
62 |
Ɂɚɧɹɬɢɟ 5 ɇɟɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢ ɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɚɰɢɢ ɭ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɚ ɩɨ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɸ
|
Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ .............................................................................................. |
64 |
|
Ʉɨɞɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ............................................................................................................................... |
68 |
|
Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ (ɪɚɡɛɨɪ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɢɡ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ) .................................................................. |
70 |
|
Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ 6: ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɚɧɨɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ .................................... |
80 |
ɋɩɢɫɨɤ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ........................................................... |
81 |
|
Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢ |
|
|
ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɟ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɭɪɫɚ ................................................................................................................ |
81 |
|
ɑɚɫɬɶ 2: Ɉɡɧɚɤɨɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɟɞɤɭɪɫɨɜɨɣ ɛɭɤɥɟɬ |
|
|
ɫ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ |
|
|
1. |
Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɚ...................................................................................................................... |
1 |
2. |
Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɰɟɥɢ ɤɭɪɫɚ........................................................................................................................ |
1 |
3. |
Ɂɚɞɚɱɢ ........................................................................................................................................... |
1 |
4. |
Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɚ ............................................................................................................. |
2 |
5. |
Ⱦɨɦɚɲɧɹɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ........................................................................................................................ |
2 |
6. |
ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɱɢɬɚɬɶ ............................................................................................................... |
3 |
7. |
Ɋɚɫɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɚ .................................................................................................................. |
3 |
8. |
Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ .......................................................................................................................................... |
5 |
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ Ⱥ: ɉɪɟɞɤɭɪɫɨɜɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ .............................................................................................. |
6 |
|
|
Ɂɚɞɚɧɢɟ I ....................................................................................................................................... |
6 |
|
Ɂɚɞɚɧɢɟ II ..................................................................................................................................... |
7 |
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ȼ: Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɵɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ............................ |
9 |
|
ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɋ: Ɉɫɧɨɜɵ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ....................................................................................................... |
55 |
|
ɑɚɫɬɶ 3: Ɂɞɨɪɨɜɨɟ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɥɚɤɬɚɰɢɢ: ɛɭɤɥɟɬ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɟɣ
ɍɱɟɛɧɵɣ ɤɭɪɫ “Ɂɞɨɪɨɜɚɹ ɩɢɳɚ ɢ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɟɦɟɣ”
ȼɕɊȺɀȿɇɂȿ ȻɅȺȽɈȾȺɊɇɈɋɌɂ
Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɩɨ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɟ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɤɭɪɫɚ ɜɟɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫ ɘɇɂɋȿɎ. Ɇɵ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɦ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɭɸ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɶ Ɉɥɟɝɭ Ȼɟɥɭɯɟ (Cornell University, Ithaca, ɋɒȺ) ɡɚ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɭɧɚɞ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɜɟɪɫɢɹɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ.
- 1 -
ɍɱɟɛɧɵɣ ɤɭɪɫ “Ɂɞɨɪɨɜɚɹ ɩɢɳɚ ɢ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɟɦɟɣ”
ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ ɂ ɈɊȽȺɇɂɁȺɐɂə ɄɍɊɋȺ
ɉɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ
Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɞɜɚ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɞɜɚ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɚ. ȼ ɬɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɝɥɚɫɢɬɶ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɱɢɤɨɜ. ɉɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɢ, ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɵ, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɡɧɚɬɶ ɬɟɦɭ ɤɭɪɫɚ.
ɍɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢ
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɢɝɥɚɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɬɶ 18–20 ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ. Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɵɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ:
ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɵ, ɥɢɰɚ, ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɚ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɩɨ ɨɯɪɚɧɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɞɟɬɫɬɜɚ (2)
ɚɤɭɲɟɪɵ-ɝɢɧɟɤɨɥɨɝɢ (4)
ɝɢɝɢɟɧɢɫɬɵ ɢɡ ɫɚɧɷɩɢɞɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ (4)
ɩɟɞɢɚɬɪɵ (4)
ɜɪɚɱɢ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ (4)
Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɟɞɫɟɫɬɪɵ ɢ ɚɤɭɲɟɪɤɢ, ɞɢɟɬɨɥɨɝɢ ɢ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɵɟ ɜɪɚɱɢ) ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɤɭɪɫɟ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ, ɜɫɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɩɥɨɬɢɬɶ ɜ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɨɯɪɚɧɵ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢ ɢ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ. ɗɬɨɬ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɣɨɧɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ.
ɉɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɚ ɢ ɩɨɨɳɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɝɪɭɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɫɤɚɪɦɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɚ “Ȼɨɥɶɧɢɰɵ, ɞɨɛɪɨɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɭ” ɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ
ȼ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɬɪɟɯɞɧɟɜɧɵɣ ɤɭɪɫ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɞɜɭɯɞɧɟɜɧɵɦ ɤɭɪɫɨɦ ɩɨ ɝɪɭɞɧɨɦɭɜɫɤɚɪɦɥɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɟ “Ȼɨɥɶɧɢɰɵ, ɞɨɛɪɨɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɭ”. ȼ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ, ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɱɟɫɬɶ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɸ ȼɈɁ “Ʉɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɝɪɭɞɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɪɚɧɧɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ: ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɞɥɹ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ ȼɈɁ” (ɢɡɞɚɧɚ ɜ 2000 ɝ). ɗɬɨɬ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɩɨɦɨɠɟɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ ɨɬ 6 ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ ɞɨ 3 ɥɟɬ.
Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɣ
ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɚ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɤɚɤ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɹ (ɥɟɤɰɢɢ) ɢ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɹ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ. ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɣ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɢɡɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɢ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɸɬ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ. ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ. ȼɫɟ ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɵɯ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹɯ, ɚ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ. ɇɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦ ɛɭɞɟɬ
- 2 -
ɍɱɟɛɧɵɣ ɤɭɪɫ “Ɂɞɨɪɨɜɚɹ ɩɢɳɚ ɢ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɟɦɟɣ”
ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɢ ɡɚɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɚɦ.
Ɋɟɫɭɪɫɵ
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɨɞɧɭ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɤɨɦɧɚɬɭ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɣ (ɧɟ ɥɟɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɥɚ) ɢ ɞɜɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɧɚɬɵ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɤɨɦɧɚɬɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɨɥɚɦɢ ɢ ɫɬɭɥɶɹɦɢ (ɩɨ ɱɢɫɥɭɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ); ɝɪɚɮɨɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɪɨɦ (ɤɨɞɨɫɤɨɩɨɦ) ɢ ɷɤɪɚɧɨɦ; ɮɥɢɩ-ɱɚɪɬɨɦ*, ɱɟɪɧɨɣ (ɢɥɢ ɛɟɥɨɣ) ɞɨɫɤɨɣ, ɦɚɪɤɟɪɚɦɢ. Ɇɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɥɚɣɞɨɫɤɨɩ ɢ ɜɢɞɟɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɮɨɧ ɫ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɨɦ. ɐɜɟɬɧɚɹ ɛɭɦɚɝɚ ɢ ɤɚɪɚɧɞɚɲɢ (ɮɥɨɦɚɫɬɟɪɵ) ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɪɭɱɟɧɵ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɭɞɥɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ 3, ɬ.ɟ. ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɛɪɨɲɸɪɵ ɩɨ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɨɦɭɩɢɬɚɧɢɸ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɟɣ. ɍɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬ ɟɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ. ɇɚ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɹɯ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɪɚɡɞɚɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɤ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɵɦ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɹɦ. ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɤɨɧɫɩɟɤɬɵ.
ɉɨɞɯɨɞ
ɋɟɦɢɧɚɪ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɞɭɯɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ. Ɉɩɵɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɩɨ ɢɯ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ – ɷɬɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɜɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɤɨɥɥɟɝɚɦɢ. Ⱦɚɠɟ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɦɧɨɝɨɝɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɠɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɥɟɱɟɛɧɨ-ɩɪɨɮɢɥɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ, ɥɸɞɟɣ ɢ ɨɩɵɬɚ. ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɚ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɨɩɪɨɫɧɢɤɨɜ.
Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɚ
ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɚ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ 4-ɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ:
ɤɨɞɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɣ
ɪɚɡɞɚɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɹ
ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɵɦ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɹɦ.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɛɪɨɲɸɪɚ ɞɥɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɚɹ ɪɚɫɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɚ, ɮɨɪɦɵ ɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɧɢɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɚ, ɩɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɮɨɪɦɵ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɢ ɬ. ɞ. Ɉɧɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɨɡɞɚɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɚ ɡɚ 2–3 ɧɟɞɟɥɢ ɞɨ ɟɝɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ.
Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɤɨɞɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɣ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɢɯ ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ. ȼɫɟ ɤɨɞɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɡɦɧɨɠɟɧɵ ɢ ɪɨɡɞɚɧɵ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡɞɚɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ (ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ, ɝɪɚɮɢɤɢ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡɞɚɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ; ɧɚ ɧɢɯ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɩɨɦɟɬɤɚ “ɪɚɡɞɚɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ” ɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɧ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɹ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ. Ɋɚɡɞɚɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ ɜɵɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɟɦ.
* Ɏɥɢɩ-ɱɚɪɬ – ɥɟɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ (ɩɟɪɟɤɢɞɧɨɣ) ɛɥɨɤɧɨɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɜɤɟ.
- 3 -
ɍɱɟɛɧɵɣ ɤɭɪɫ “Ɂɞɨɪɨɜɚɹ ɩɢɳɚ ɢ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɟɦɟɣ”
Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɨɜ. Ɉɧɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɤɪɚɬɤɢɣ ɨɛɡɨɪ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɣ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɩɭɧɤɬɨɜ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɡɚɨɫɬɪɢɬɶ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ. Ɍɟɤɫɬ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɤɨɞɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɦɢ.
Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɣ ɪɚɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɵɦ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɟɦ. Ɉɧɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ/ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɛɫɭɞɢɬɶ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɜɟɬɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɤɚɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɡɚɬɪɨɧɭɬɶ. ȼ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɹ ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɦɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ.
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɣ
ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɹ ɛɚɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɦ. Ƚɪɭɩɩɨɜɵɟ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɣ. Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɚ (ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɹ) ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ ɛɪɨɲɸɪɟ ɞɥɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ (ɫɦɨɬɪɢ ɜɵɲɟ).
ȼɜɨɞɧɨɟ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɟ
ɩɪɢɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ: ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɞɚɸɬ ɤɪɚɬɤɭɸ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɭɫɜɨɢɯ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɤɪɭɝɚ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ; ɟɫɥɢ ɜ ɰɟɪɟɦɨɧɢɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ, ɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɢɬɶ ɩɟɪɜɵɦɢ.
ɰɟɥɶ ɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ: ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɟ ɰɟɥɶ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɚ (ɫɦ. ɛɪɨɲɸɪɭɞɥɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ).
ɨɛɡɨɪ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ: ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɟ ɮɨɪɦɚɬ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɣ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɚ (ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɹ, ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɵɟ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɹ, ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ), ɢɯ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ, ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɚ ɢ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ: ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɫɶ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ,
ɩɪɨɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɣɬɟ ɨ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɣ, ɩɨɡɧɚɤɨɦɶɬɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɬɢɩɚɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɪɨɡɞɚɧɵ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɚ.
ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ: ɜɫɥɭɱɚɟɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɟ, ɤɬɨɜɨɡɦɟɳɚɟɬ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶɩɪɨɟɡɞɚɢɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ, ɪɚɡɞɚɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɚɢɬ. ɞ.
Ʉɚɤ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɰɢɸ (ɧɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɢ)
ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚ ɤɨɞɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ; ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɦ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɹ ɩɨɩɪɨɛɭɣɬɟ ɫɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɞɨɝɪɚɦɦɭɧɚ ɷɤɪɚɧ, ɫ ɬɟɦ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɮɨɤɭɫ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ, ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɟɧ ɥɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ, ɫɢɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɡɚɞɧɢɯ ɪɹɞɚɯ
ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɶɬɟ ɟɝɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ; ɧɚɩɨɦɧɢɬɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɤɨɞɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɣ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɪɚɡɞɚɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɣ
-4 -
ɍɱɟɛɧɵɣ ɤɭɪɫ “Ɂɞɨɪɨɜɚɹ ɩɢɳɚ ɢ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɟɦɟɣ”
ɢɡɥɚɝɚɣɬɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɧɚ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɨɞɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ, ɩɪɢɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɣɬɟɫɶ ɮɚɤɬɨɜ, ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɤɨɞɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ ɢ ɜ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɯ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɹ; ɟɫɥɢ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɤ ɬɟɦɟ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɹ, ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɦ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ.
Ʉɚɤ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ
ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɟ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɩɵɬ, ɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɡɧɚɧɢɹ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɹɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ (ɩɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ) ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ, ɫɨɛɪɚɧɧɭɸ ɞɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɚ.
ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɟ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɞɚɬɶ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɫɭɞɢɬɶ ɫɥɨɠɢɜɲɭɸɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɸ, ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɢɬɶ ɩɭɬɢ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ; ɤɨɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɰɟɥɶ ɷɬɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ – ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɜɫɟɨɛɴɟɦɥɸɳɢɣ ɩɥɚɧ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɤɨɪɦɹɳɢɯ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ.
ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɦ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɹ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦ ɟɝɨ ɰɟɥɶ ɢ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɢɬɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɭɧɤɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɡɚɬɪɨɧɭɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɢ, ɩɪɨɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɣɬɟ ɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɦ ɧɚ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɟ.
ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ; ɡɚɜɟɪɶɬɟ ɢɯ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɢ/ɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɵ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɹ.
ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɢ/ɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɵɯ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹɯ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɨɬɜɟɱɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɢ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɶ ɫɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɸ.
ɉɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɚ
ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɡɵɜɚ ɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɚ; ɨɧɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɞɥɹ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ.
ɡɚɜɟɪɶɬɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ, ɱɬɨ ɨɩɪɨɫ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɧɨɧɢɦɧɵɦ.
ɧɚɩɨɦɧɢɬɟ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɬɜɟɬɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɜɫɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɚ.
Ɋɚɡɞɚɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ
Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɚ.
- 5 -
ɍɱɟɛɧɵɣ ɤɭɪɫ “Ɂɞɨɪɨɜɚɹ ɩɢɳɚ ɢ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɟɦɟɣ”
Ɋɚɡɞɚɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ
Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɚ
ɐȿɅɖ: Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɰɟɥɶ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ – ɭɛɟɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ:
ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢ ɤɭɪɫɚ ɫɦɨɝɭɬ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɭɩɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɦɥɚɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɟɦɶɢ;
ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɧɚɜɵɤɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɵ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢ ɢ ɝɪɭɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɭɠɛ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɟɦɶɢ.
ɂɇɋɌɊɍɄɐɂɂ: Ɉɬɜɟɬɶɬɟ ɧɚ ɜɫɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ; ɧɟ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɣɬɟ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɨɜ. ɉɪɨɫɬɚɜɶɬɟ (ɏ) ɧɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɩɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɭ.
ɉɈȾȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ ɂɌɈȽɈȼ: Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɧɟɬ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɬɜɟɬɨɜ.
|
Ⱦɨɫɬɢɝ- |
ɑɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ |
ɇɟɞɨɫɬɢɝ- |
Ɂɚɧɹɬɢɟ I: ɐɟɥɢ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɚ |
ɧɭɬɵ |
ɞɨɫɬɢɝ- |
ɧɭɬɵ |
|
ɧɭɬɵ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
ɉɨ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɢ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɚ ɹ ɦɨɝɭ: |
|
|
|
1. ɉɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɢɬɶ ɧɵɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ |
_____ |
_____ |
_____ |
|
|||
ɡɞɨɪɨɜɨɦɭɩɢɬɚɧɢɸ |
|
|
|
2. Ɋɚɡɴɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɜ |
|
|
|
ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ, ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɩɨ |
|
|
|
ɪɚɰɢɨɧɭɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦɢ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨɝɨ |
_____ |
_____ |
_____ |
|
|||
ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ |
|
|
|
3. Ⱦɚɬɶ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɟɦ |
|
|
|
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ |
_____ |
_____ |
_____ |
|
|||
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ |
|
|
|
4. ɇɚɡɜɚɬɶ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɭɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ |
|
|
|
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɚɥɢɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɟ |
_____ |
_____ |
_____ |
|
|||
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɢ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- 6 -