III Spoken English

Cause and Effect

1. Objective:

• to understand the ways of expressing the relationship between the causes and the effects of an action.

Tasks:

• to analyze a cause-effect relationship;

• to ask and answer questions about a cause and effect;

• to apply verbs “produce, cause, effect, enable, bring about” in a correct way;

• to use connectives in specifying a cause (due to, as a result of, since, because);

• to use sentence connectors when introducing a result (thus, with the result that, therefore, hence, so that).

2. Introduction. Think about 1-2 words in the story in Russian. Translate the words into English.

Hints:

• be flexible in the choice of words in cause and effect relationships.

3. Key words:

	an effect	следствие, результат
	to effect	причинять, служить причиной
	a cause	причина
	to cause	быть причиной
	to be caused by rain	быть вызванным дождём
	cause and effect	причина и следствие
	an argument	довод, аргумент
	the cause leads to these results	причина ведёт к таким результатам
	a distinction	различие
	to result in a peace	закончиться миром
	A results in B	B является результатом A
	A causes B	А является причиной Б
	His behaviour causes Ann a lot of troubles.	Его поведение причиняет Анне много неприятностей.
	the lack of skills	отсутствие навыков
	a cause-effect relationship	причинно-следственные отношения
	to result	получаться в результате
	to result from overeating	быть следствием переедания
	to produce	причинять, производить
	to be produced by two causes	быть вызванным двумя причинами
	to allow	позволять, разрешать
	to prevent an accident	предотвратить несчастный случай
	to prevent from traveling	позволять не ездить
	to enable	давать возможность
	to enable Eugenia to go to Kiev
	to bring about	вызывать, причинять, влечь за собой
	to bring about a lot of changes	приводить к большим изменениям
	due to	благодаря
	as a result of rain	как результат дождя
	she was late as a result of snow
	the result of gambling	результат игры в азартные игры
	with the result that …	с результатом, который
	the game was over with the result that was satisfactory for both parties
	since	с тех пор как; поскольку
	because	потому, что
	I read the book because I like it.	Я читаю книгу, потому что она мне нравится.
	because of	по причине, как результат (чего-либо)
	I came back because of the rain.
	in response to	в ответ на
	She opened the door in response to the knock.
	as	такой же, как
	his brother is just as clever
	I like you as a person.
	so that	с тем, чтобы
	I gave him a little food so that he was not hungry.
	thus	таким образом, следовательно
	Thus, the machines were great.
	The new machine will work twice as fast, thus greatly reducing costs.
	therefore	следовательно
	I think, therefore I exist.
	consequently	как результат, следовательно
	hence	по этой причине, следовательно
	for this reason	по этой причине

4. Activity 4. Organisation of the dialogue “Cause and Effect”.

Plan 1 (Active Voice)

1. Cause-effect relationship between inflation and unemployment.

2. A causes B.

3. A effects B.

4. A results in B.

5. A produces B.

6. A brings about B.

Plan 2 (Passive Voice)

1. Cause-effect relationship between inflation and unemployment.

2. A is caused by B.

3. A is effected by B.

4. A is resulted from B.

5. A is produced by B.

6. A is brought about by B.

5. Activity 5. Make each part of the dialogue “Cause and Effect” with one question or a phrase.

Active voice

1. What is the cause-effect relationship between inflation and unemployment?

2. What factors cause unemployment?

3. What factors effect inflation?

4. What does inflation result in?

5. What produces unemployment?

6. What brings about inflation?

Activity 5.1. Make each part of the dialogue “Cause and Effect” with one question or a phrase.

Passive voice

1. What is the cause-effect relationship between inflation and unemployment?

2. What events are caused by inflation?

3. What events are effected by inflation?

4. What is inflation resulted from?

5. What is produced by unemployment?

6. What is brought about by inflation?

6. Activity 6. Build up a conversation.

1. The lack of skills caused the disk to destroy. - Отсутствие опыта привело к тому, что диск разрушился.

2. If these two letters are combined, a great logo will result.

3. Our actions resulted in this product.

4. His illness resulted from eating contaminated food.

5. The four rules of arithmetic produced algebra.

6. The facts allow us to make a decision. - Эти факты позволяют нам принять решение.

7. We are prevented from finishing our experiment. – Нам не позволяют закончить эксперимент.

8. Inflation is caused by big wage increases.

9. Insulin is produced by the pancreas. - Инсулин производится поджелудочной железой.

10. Computer science has brought about a lot of changes in our lives.

11. The bank refused to help the company; consequently, it went bankrupt.

12. Dust causes the recording conditions of disk to deteriorate.

13. Deterioration in the recording condition of disks is caused by dust.

14. Accurate positioning allows a reliable operation with superb print quality.

15. The first calculating machines appeared in 1820 as the result of experiments.

16. Since instructions can be combined in an infinite number of sequences, a computer is a multipurpose machine.

17. Every intersection has its unique address; consequently, the cores are identified by their respective addresses.

18. Because electric pulses can move at the speed of light, a computer can carry out vast numbers of arithmetic-logical operations.

19. We tried to effect reconciliation between the two parties.

7. Activity 7. Cause-constructions.

Verbal model: The lack of skills caused the disk to destroy.

Structural model: Subject + cause+object+ to-verb. (It’s formal)

Activity 7.1. Build up 6 sentences using the model:

Model: The wind caused trees to break.

1. The explosion – the car – to destroy.

2. The operator – the floppy – to damage.

3. The happiness – the woman – to cry.

4. The good mark – the student – to study well.

5. The positive motivation – Helen – to become an expert.

6. The computer – teachers – to change training methods.

8. Activity 8. Allow-constructions.

Verbal model: The facts allow us to make a decision.

Structural model: Subject + allow + object + to-verb

Activity 8.1. Build up 6 sentences using the model:

Model: The emotions allow us to think.

1. Love – to live.

2. The computer – to design bridges.

3. Woman – to be happy.

4. The university – to gain knowledge.

5. The computer language – to make computer programmes.

6. Language – to communicate.

9. Activity 9. Enable-constructions.

Verbal model: Good weather enabled me to go swimming.

Structural model: Subject + enable + object + to-verb

Activity 9.1. Build up 6 sentences using the model:

Model: The good ideas enable us to make discoveries.

1. The programme – to increase a number of students.

2. The language – to get to know each other.

3. Woman – to relax.

4. Man – to relax.

5. Children – to enjoy life.

6. A temperament – to be clearly identified at any age.

10. Activity 10. Since-constructions.

“Since” is used with the present, present perfect or past perfect tenses. “Since” can be an adverb, a preposition or a conjunction (союз).

Verbal models:

1. Since you can’t answer my question, I’d better ask someone else.

2. (adverb) I haven’t spoken to him since.

3. (prop.) I haven’t seen her since last week.

4. (conj.) It’s been years since I enjoyed myself so much as last night.

Criteria for evaluation are:

• The Present Participle. Cпособ образования и перевод на английский язык.

• The Present Continuous (Progressive) Tense. Вербальная и структурная модели, порядок слов в разных типах предложений, случаи употребления.

• Question tags. Вербальная и структурная модели, порядок слов в разных типах предложений, случаи употребления.

• To apply verbs “produce, cause, effect, enable, bring about”.

• To use connectives in specifying a cause (due to, as a result of, since, because).

• To use sentence connectors when introducing a result (thus, with the result that, therefore, hence, so that).

H/w:

1. The Present Participle.

2. The Present Continuous (Progressive) Tense.

3. Present Continuous: Ex.40-43 - pp.63-67; Ex.45a, 45b - p.71. (Grammar Practice).

4. Contrast “Present Continuous and Present Simple”: Ex.44, 44a, 44b - pp.68-70.

5. Question tags (~, aren`t you? ~, don`t he? etc).

6. Construction of a tense: What factors do we take into account to build a tense? (Voice + Aspect + Time + Mood + Type of a sentence).

7. Table “Infinitive”.

8. Dialogue “Cause and Effect”.

9. Make a dialogue “Causes anв effects of a lie”.

Lesson 10

Objectives:

• to apply correct grammar constructions with “there is, will, be going to, have, have got” in problem situations;

• to apply mathematics in management.

Tasks:

• to use “there is”;

• to use “which” and “whose”;

• to get to know articles “a, an, the”;

• to understand the indications of future actions “will” and “be going to do”;

• to apply “to have” and “to have got”;

• to get to know the four rules in arithmetic, fractions, integer, mathematical notation;

• to ask and answer questions about mathematics.