I Phonetics

1. Reading “have” and “have got”.

Predicative factor – have

Verbal models Structural models

Subject+have+Object.

Model 1. I have a friend.

He has a friend.

S+do+ not+have+O.

Model 2. I don`t have a friend.

He doesn’t have a friend.

S+have+no+O.

Model 3. I have no friend.

He has no friend.

Note: “no” является полным отрицанием. После “no” артикль перед существительным не употребляется.

Do+S+have+O?

Model 4. Do you have a friend?

- Yes, I have.

- Yes, I do.

- No, I haven`t.

- No, I don`t.

Predicative factor – have got

Subject+have got+Object.

Model 5. I have got a new watch.

He has got a new watch.

S+have not got+O.

Model 6. I haven`t got a new watch.

He hasn’t got a new watch.

Have+S+got+Object?

Model 7. Have you got a new watch?

- Yes, I have.

- No, I haven`t.

Has he got a new watch?

~ Yes, he has.

~ No, he hasn’t.

Predicative factor – some

Model 8. I have some books.

He has some books.

Model 9. I have got some books.

He has got some books.

Predicative factor – not any

Model 10. I don`t have any books.

He doesn’t have any books.

Model 11. I haven`t got any books.

He hasn’t got any books.

Note: После отрицания “no” местоимение “any” не употребляется.

I have no books.

He has no books.

Predicative factor – any?

Model 12. Do you have any books?

- Yes, I have some.

- Yes, I do.

- No, I haven`t.

- No, I don`t.

Model 13. Have you got any books?

- Yes, I have some.

- No, I haven`t got any.

2. Чтение двух взрывных согласных:

a good daughter

an old desk

on that table

on that desk

a short dress

in that bedroom

3. Чтение суффиксов

~ tion

~ ssion читается [~∫ən]: station, nation, section, mission, tension

~ sion

~ sion читается [~ʒən] , когда “~s~” между гласными: division, television

II Grammar

1.The Present Participle.

to open - opening

to read - reading

Verb + ing

Форма «verb + ing» образуется от основы инфинитива глагола путём прибавления суффикса «~ing».

Обратите внимание на изменения в правописании, которые происходят при прибавлении суффикса «~ing» к основе глагола.

a) to give – giving

to take – taking

Конечная немая буква «~е» исчезает из письма.

b) to see – seeing

to agree - agreeing

Двойные буквы «~ее» остаются в правописании.

c) to sit – sitting

to put – putting

Конечная согласная перед суффиксом «~ing» удваивается, чтобы сохранить краткое чтение гласной.

d) to play - playing

to show - showing

Если конечная буква «~y» или «~w», то она не удваивается.

Note. Перевод причастия настоящего времени на русский язык зависит от контекста. Значение наполняется смыслом только в контексте. Форма «verb+ing» может быть не только причастием, но и герундием и отглагольным существительным. Узнавание этих частей речи дело ближайших уроков. Английское причастие настоящего времени переводится на русский язык словами, содержащими суффиксы «~ущ», ~ющ, -ащ, -ящ», например,

opening – открывающий, открывающая

driving – ведущий, ведущая

2. The Present Continuous (Progressive) Tense.

2.1. Verbal model.

I am writing a letter.

Note. Причастие настоящего времени (present participle) смысловых глаголов является составной частью глагольной формы продолженного действия в настоящем времени (the present continuous tense).

2.2. Structural model.

S + be + verb-ing

2.3. Predicative factor.

be + verb-ing

2.4 Types of sentences.

Positive

I He She It We You They

am is is is are are are

writing…

Negative

I He She It We You They

am is is is are are are

not

writing…

General question

Am Is Is Is Are Are Are

I he she it we you they

writing…?

Short answers: - Yes, I am.

- No, I am not.

Question-word question

What

am is is is are are are

I he she it we you they

writing…?

2.5. Use.

2.5.1. The Present Continuous tense is used to express an activity happening now (употребляется для выражения временного действия, которое совершается в момент речи).

e.g. I am writing a letter.

I am not writing a letter.

Are you writing a letter?

What are you writing?

She can`t answer the phone because she is washing her hair.

We are expending our activities all over Europe.

2.5.2. The Present Continuous tense is used to express an activity happening around now, but perhaps not at the moment of speaking (употребляется для выражения временного действия, которое происходит в настоящее время в течение продолжительного, но ограниченного периода).

e.g. She is studying English at private course.

I am reading a book by Agatha Christie.

2.5.3. The Present Continuous tense is used to express a planned future arrangements, future plans (употребляется для выражения действия, которое запланировано на будущее и существует договорённость по этому поводу).

e.g. I am meeting Miss Lloyd at 10 o`clock tomorrow.

What are you doing tonight?

When is he arriving?

Note. There are some verbs which are not normally used in continuous tense.

want	love	belong	know	suppose	remember	have
need	like	see	realise	mean	forget	think
prefer	hate	hear	believe	understand	seem

Note that have = possess and think = believe.

Grammar activity 1. Put the verb in brackets in the correct tense – Present Simple or Present Continuous.

Model 1: Ann (make) all her clothes

Ann makes all her clothes. (Present simple, потому что Анна делает это всегда, систематически и постоянно, а не в данный момент)

Model 2: She (make) a dress at the moment.

She is making a dress at the moment. (Present continuous, потому что Анна делает это в данный момент)

1. I (read) books in the evenings.

2. I (read) the book by Agatha Christie now.

3. What`s the smell? Something (burn) in the kitchen.

4. I (work) overtime this month because I (save up) to buy a car.

5. He (smoke) 30 cigarettes a day, but at the moment he (try) very hard to stop smoking.

6. The sun (rise) in the east.

7. She usually (learn) languages very fast, but she (have) problems with French now.

Keys:1 – read;

2 – am reading;

3 – is burning;

4 – am working; am saving up;

5 – smokes; is trying;

6 – rises;

7 – learns; is having

3. Question tags (~, aren`t you? ~, don`t he? etc)

3.1. Verbal model

You are Professor, aren`t you?

You like coffee, don`t you?

You haven`t got a car, have you?

It was a good conference, wasn`t it?

3.2. Structural model

Be+ Help verb+ First word of tense+

Not+

Subject

~, aren`t you? ~, are you? ~, wasn`t he? ~, was he? ~, won`t you? ~, will you?

~, don`t you? ~, do you? ~, haven`t you? ~, have you? ~, didn`t you? ~, did you? etc.

Notes.

1. We use either the auxiliary verb, or a strong verb, or the first word of an analytical predicate in a question tag.

2. We use a positive question tag with a negative sentence:

~ Mike won`t be late, will he?

3. We use a negative question tag with a positive sentence:

~ Andy is Professor, isn`t he?

4. Position. Question tags are put at the end of a sentence.

5. Intonation. If the voice goes down, you are not asking a question. It`s a statement. If the voice goes up, it`s a real question.

6. Notice the meaning of “yes” and “no” in answers to question tag questions:

~ You aren`t going to buy a car, are you? ~ Yes, I`m going.

~ No, I`m not going.

3.3. Use

3.3.1. We often use “a negative sentence + a positive tag?” to ask for things or information, or to ask someone to do something. The voice goes up at the end of the tag in sentences like these.

a) ~ You couldn`t do me a favour, could you?

~ It depends on what it is.

b) ~ You don`t know where Mike is, do you?

~ Sorry, I have no idea.

3.3.2. You are asking someone for his/ her agreement, to be polite, sociable and make conversation.

~ It`s hot today, isn`t it?

~ Yes, it is.

Notes.

1. After “Let`s…” the question tag is “…, shall we?”

~ Let`s go for a walk, shall we?

~ It`s a good idea.

2. After the imperative “Do something…” and “Don`t do…” the tag is “…, will you?”

~ Open the door, will you?

~ OK, I will.

~Don`t be late, will you?

~ I won`t.

3. We say “…, aren`t I?” with “I”.

~ I am late, aren`t I?

~ That`s fine. Take it easy.

Grammar Activity 2. Ask the questions using question tags.

Model: The accountant won’t be late, _____?

The accountant won’t be late, will he?

1. The project manager is on holiday, ___?

2. The bank manager doesn’t attend a conference, ___?

3. Jack has applied for the job, ___?

4. The student can type, ___?

5. There are a lot of employees in the company, ___?

6. They had to go home, ___?

7. You weren’t listening, ___?

8. The accountant checked financial accounts, ___?

9. The assistant manager hasn’t been to Greece, ___?

10. The mayor couldn’t help laughing, ___?

11. There was no wallet in the pocket, ___?

12. The police officer had never seen her before, ___?

13. This isn’t very interesting, ___?

14. The governor shouldn’t have got angry, ___?

15. The manager of technical services wouldn’t tell anyone, ___?

16. Let’s start our meeting, ___?

17. I am too fat, ___?

18. Listen, ___?

19. Don’t open the door, ___?

20. Don’t be late, ___?

4. Tense-aspect forms in time continuum

1. Time: Present

Past

Future

Future-in-the-Past

2. Aspects:Simple

Continuous

Perfect

Perfect-Continuous

3. Voice: Active, Passive

4. Tense = Form of a verb = Voice + Aspect + Time

5. Infinitive

   Infinitive
   	Active Voice	Passive Voice
   Simple	to write	to be written
   Continuous	to be writing	to be being written
   Perfect	to have written	to have been written
   Perfect-Continuous	to have been writing	-

6. T ime continuum

7. Examples of Tenses:

	Past	Present	Future	Future-in-the-Past
Simple	I wrote a letter yesterday.	I write a letter every week.	I will write a letter.	Tom said that he would write a letter.
Continuous	I was writing a letter when Mum came in.	I am writing a letter.	I will be writing a letter at 22 o`clock.	He said he would be seeing her that evening.
Perfect	I had written a letter before I went swimming.	I have written a letter.	I will have written a letter by 22 o`clock.
Perfect-Continuous	I had been writing a letter for 2 hours when Mum came in.	I have been writing a letter for 2 hours.	I will have been writing a letter for 5 hours by 23 o`clock.
	I had been painting a picture for 2 years before I sent it to the show.	I have been writing a letter since 9 o`clock.

8 . Prediction: Situation Voice + Aspect + Time = Tense