Grammar section страдательный залог The Passive Voice
Если подлежащее обозначает лицо или предмет, подвергающийся действию со стороны другого лица или предмета, то глагол-сказуемое употребляется в форме страдательного залога (Passive Voice).
Если указано, кем производится действие, то употребляется предлог bу, а если указано чем (с помощью чего произведено действие) – предлог with.
|
Simple |
Progressive |
Perfect |
Общая фор-мула |
A
I are |
A m
I are |
Have/has + been + V3 |
Present |
I am asked He is asked She is asked We are asked You are asked They are asked |
I am being asked He is being asked She is being asked We are being asked You are being asked They are being asked |
I have been asked He has been asked She has been asked We have been asked You have been asked They have been asked |
|
Am I asked? Is he/she asked? Are you/we/they asked? |
Am I being asked? Is he/she being asked? Are we/you /they being asked? |
Have I/we/you/they been asked? Has he/she been asked? |
|
I am not asked He/she is not asked We/you/they are not asked |
I am not being asked He is not being asked They are not being asked |
I have not been asked He has not been asked
|
Past |
I was asked He was asked She was asked You were asked We were asked They were asked |
I was being asked He was being asked She was being asked We were being asked You were being asked They were being asked |
I had been asked He had been asked She had been asked We had been asked You had been asked They had been asked |
|
Was I/he/she asked? Were you/we/they asked? |
Was I being asked? Were you being asked? |
Had I been asked? |
|
I was not asked You were not asked |
I was not being asked You were not being asked |
I had not been asked
|
Future |
I shall be asked He will be asked She will be asked We shall be asked You will be asked They will be asked |
---------------------------- |
I shall have been asked He will have been asked She will have been asked We shall have been asked You will have been asked They will have been asked |
|
Shall I be asked? Will you be asked? |
---------------------------- |
Shall I have been asked? Will you have been asked? |
|
I shall not be asked I will not be asked |
---------------------------- |
I shall not have been asked You will not have been asked |
Future-in-the-Past |
I should be asked He would be asked She would be asked We should be asked You would be asked They would be asked |
---------------------------- |
I should have been asked He would have been asked She would have been asked We should have been asked You would have been asked They would have been asked |
|
I should not be asked |
---------------------------- |
I should not have been asked |
m
s
V3
s
being --V3Пассивные конструкции с разными типами дополнений
|
прямое дополнение (o.l) |
косвенное дополнение (o.2) |
предложное дополнение |
Active |
The Queen visited them. (whom?) |
She gave an award to me. |
We were speaking about cars. |
|
Tourists often visit Rome. (what?) |
(to /for whom?) |
I’ll send for help. |
Passive |
They were visited by the Queen. |
I was given an award. |
Cars were being spoken about. |
|
Rome is often visited by tourists. |
An award was given to me. |
Help will be sent for. |
1. Страдательный залог используется как в разговорной, так и в письменной речи; наиболее характерен в описаниях, в безличных предложениях, в случаях, когда надо подчеркнуть агента действия (a “by” phrase) или же, напротив, избежать ссылки на него (когда упоминание агента не важно/не информативно (e.g.: the keys were lost) или же он не известен (e.g.: a dress was made in China). У ряда глаголов с двойным управлением: buy, get, sell, offer, give, send, hand, promise, ask, pay, show, tell, teach etc. возможны следующие пассивные конструкции:
Глаголы с двумя дополнениями
v.+ o.l+(to/for) + o.2 |
v.+ o.2 + o.l |
||
Active |
Passive |
Active |
Passive |
I told the truth to her. I teach French to him. |
The truth was told to her. French is taught to him. |
I told her the truth. I teach him French. |
She was told the truth. He is taught French. |
Выбор конструкции в таких случаях обусловливается отношением говорящего: самая важная информация должна быть в конце предложения.
Способы перевода пассивных конструкций на русский язык
1) пассивной конструкцией |
---------- |
Книга опубликована |
2) возвратным глаголом |
Ей говорилось |
Книга публикуется |
3) неопределенно-личной конструкцией |
Ей говорили |
Книгу публикуют |
4) безличной конструкцией |
Ей было сказано |
--------- |
2. Трудности могут возникать и при переводе предложных конструкций (начинающихся с предлога, типа: за ним следили; о нем говорили) и глаголов have, get в конструкциях, характерных для страдательного залога: to have /get something done. Сравните A castle was built /He had a castle built; My hair was cut /I got my hair cut.