8. Розподіліть речення на 2 групи.

а) з відокремлюваним дієприкметниковим зворотом;

б) з герундіальним зворотом.

Перекладіть їх українською мовою, вважаючи на особливості перекладу цих конструкцій.

1) Carnot's having developed the main principles of thermodynamics was a great

impact for designing a vapour - compression machine.

2. The need of mechanical refrigeration becoming imperative, engineers turned to science and technology.

3. Faraday's discovery of the possibility of some gases being liquefied led to their using as refrigerants.

4. Building cold stores in Russia began, the first of them having been completed by 1912.

5. The pressure having been reduced, the temperature rises.

6. The engineer thought much of special provisions being done to produce a very

low pressure.

7. Different liquids evaporate at different rates, evaporation taking place at all temperatures.

8. After the boiling point having been reached the temperature of the water can not

be increased any more.

9) The temperature was measured, the results being recorded on a diagram .

10) Lomonosov's having given the theoretical backgrounds for mechanical refrigeration resulted in developing the new types of refrigeration equipment.

11. Any substance cannot be used as the refrigerant without its properties being carefully studied.

12. A suitable source of power having been provided, designing a refrigerating machine progressed greatly.

13) The inventors made some improvements in a design of machine, its refrigeration capacity being increased.

14) In a cold - air machine the refrigerant (air) being compressed expanded against resistance and by this became cooled.

15) Absorbing heat from the surrounding medium the refrigerant cooled the surroundings.

16. While cooling the vapour condensed keeping its high pressure.

17. Having experimented with compression machines the inventors used various substances.

18. Ammonia being the cheapiest of all refrigerants remained in use till nowadays.

19. While looking for a better refrigerant the scientists made a discovery.

20. Some liquids having been obtained by scientists opened new possibilities for refrigeration.

9. Визначте «ing» - форми. Вкажіть на їх функції. Перекладіть речення українською мовою.

Зразок: Doing this work I read many special articles.

Doing – дієприкметник в функції обставини.

Виконуючи цю роботу, я читав багато спеціальних статей.

1. Improving designs of the systems made it possible to produce a machine capable of working at low temperatures.

2. While changing the design of a refrigerating machine the designers paid attention to an effect of heating being caused by air compression.

3. The compressed vapour having given up heat to the surrounding air condenses to a liquid refrigerant.

4. Condensation is caused by decreasing the temperature of the vapour below the boiling point of the liquid.

5. We cannot accomplish the rise of temperature without adding some of heat.

6. Refrigerating capacity depends on the refrigerant being used in a system. On

designing a refrigerating machine the main obstacle the inventors met was the difficulty of producing and working with low pressures.

7. After being condensed the vapour becomes a liquid.

8. Having developed new volatile liquids the scientists offered them for using as

refrigerants.

9) While designing a new machine, engineers think of saving.

10. Having experimented with new devices the inventors used various substances.

11. While cooling the vapour kept its high pressure.

12. We can express this relationship in the terms of the following equation.

13. Gas being compressed changes its temperature.

14) Using isotopes in measuring the diffusion of metals we got much more accurate data.

15)Scientists have found a simple way of producing a laser beam.

16. Being subjected to high pressure metals become highly conductive.

17. The installation being utilized is now very efficient.

18. Comparing the forces acting the body the engineer will get some new data.

The Verbals

(Неособові форми дієслова)

Gerund

(Герундій)