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Житомирский государственный университет им. Ивана Франко
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Grammar: modals summary

ability

(mental or physical)

can, be able to

(present)

past repeated action

could

managing to do sth, using some efforts in the past

was / were able to

lack of ability

can’t (present)

wasn’t / weren’t able to (past)

asking for permission

may /might /could (present)

giving permission

may /might

obligation, command, duty, necessity

must, have to, ought to, need

absence of necessity

needn’t (present)

needn’t have done (past)

prohibition

mustn’t

probability

ought to / should

advice, instruction, moral obligation

should / ought to (present)

should have done / ought to have done (past)

possibility

can / could / may / might (present)

can / could / may / might have done (past)

talking about permission

will be allowed / permitted to

order, instruction or prohibition

to be to

logical deduction / assumption

must / should

impossibility

can’t / couldn’t

annoyance / criticism

could / might

negative possibility

may /might not be

may /might not have been

opportunity / free choice

can / could

9.

This is a summary of modal verbs. Translate into Ukrainian.

  1. Compare can / could etc. for actions:

can

I can go out tonight. (= there is nothing to stop me)

I can’t go out tonight.

could

I could go out tonight,but I’m not very keen.

I couldn’t go out last night. (= I wasn’t able)

can or may

Can (may) I go out tonight? (= do you allow me)

will / won’t

I think I’ll go out tonight.

I promise I won’t go out.

would

I would go out tonight, but I have too much to do.

I promised I wouldn’t go out.

shall

Shall I go out tonight? (do you think it is a good idea?)

should or

ought to

I should (ought to) go out tonight. (it would be a good thing to do)

must

mustn’t

needn’t

I must go out tonight. (= it is necessary)

I mustn’t go out tonight. (= it is necessary that I do not go out)

I needn’t go out tonight. (= it is not necessary)

  1. Compare could have…/ would have…etc. for actions:

could

would

should or

ought to

needn’t

I could have gone out last night, but I decided to stay at home.

I would have gone out last night, but I had too much to do.

I should (ought to) have gone out last night. I’m sorry I didn’t.

I needn’t have gone out last night. (I went out, but it was not necessary.

  1. We use will / would / may etc. to say whether sth is possible, impossible, probable, certain etc. Compare:

will

would

‘What time will she be here?’ ‘She’ll be here very soon.’

She would be here now, but she’s been delayed.

should or

ought to

She sould (ought to) be here soon.

(= I expect she will be here soon)

may or

might or

could

She may / might / could be here now. I’m not sure.

(= it is possible that she is here)

must

can’t

She must be here. I saw her come in.

She can’t possibly be here. I know for certain that she is away on holiday.

  1. Compare would have…/ should have…etc. for actions:

will

would

She will have arrived by now. (= before now)

She would have arrived earlier, but she was delayed.

should or

ought to

I wonder where she is. She should (ought to) have arrived by now.

may or

might or

could

She may (might / could) have arrived. I’m not sure.

(= it’s possible that she has arrived)

must

can’t

She must have arrived by now. (= I’m sure – there is no other possibility)

She can’t possibly have arrived yet. It’s much too early. (= it’s impossible)

10.

Rewrite the following sentences, using can, may, must. The first one is done for you.

  1. Try this juice, perhaps you will like it. Try this juice, you may like it.

  2. Perhaps Andy saw a ghost. He looks so terrified.

  3. Probably Ken left his bathing suit on the beach.

  4. I don’t believe your boss cancelled the negotiations.

  5. I don’t believe I lost my wallet. It was in my bag a minute ago.

  6. Probably that tree on the cliff is a pine.

  7. I don’t believe Greg suggested that stupid idea.

  8. Perhaps your mother will be angry.

  9. It is probably a very expensive car.

  10. Perhaps the driver got a fright when the lorry blocked the road.

  11. Archie looks so pale and worn out. Probably he is tired.

  12. I am sure you are thirsty. It’s so hot today.

  13. I don’t believe Nash said that. He is so well-mannered.

  14. Perhaps Deidra has left her gloves at home.

  15. I am sure this island is a delightful place in spring when the rhododendrons are in blossom.

11.

Translate the words in brackets, using can, could, may, might, must, needn’t, to be able to. The first one is done for you.

  1. I (можливо бачив) this film before but I am not sure. I may have seen this film before.

  2. Trevor (вміє плавати) better than Nick but Andy (вміє бігати) better than Trevor.

  3. Michael (напевно помилявся) then. He apologized but Aunt Betsy was angry.

  4. The plane (міг зникнути) in the Bermudas. It is a very strange and dangerous place.

  5. My parents (можливо відкладуть) our trip out of town. The weather is too gloomy.

  6. We (треба поспішити) because we can miss our train.

  7. Mr Watson (зміг вирішити) all the problems himself.

  8. John (повинен принести) all the necessary drinks himself.

  9. Anthony (не треба приходити) so early. The lecture will start at 19 a.m.

  10. Her cousin (може приїхати) one of these days.

  11. My brother (напевно повернув) this money long ago.

  12. Sean and Tracy (вміють організувати) parties and they are always invited everywhere.

  13. Pupils (повинні вивчити) these rules by heart.

  14. Dennis (можливо загубив) his passport yesterday.

  15. Sharon (не могла сказати) this to Andy. She is so well-mannered.

  16. Mrs Bolton (змогла спекти) one hundred cakes for Ted’sparty.

  17. They (можливо тоді помилялись), saying that.

  18. Mr Walter (повинен був віддати) the resume to the boss an hour ago.

  19. Andrew (не треба купувати) apples at all. We have bought some.

  20. Simon (може прийти) when he wants.

12.

Fill in the blank with a suitable modal verb, using can, could, may, might, must, mustn’t, needn’t, to be able to. The first one is done for you.

  1. Cecil was able to cover another 10 miles on weekends. We were really surprised at that.

  2. Sheila ______ come whenever she wants. Mike will be very glad.

  3. Donovan ______ cross that bridge at night. It’s a very dangerous place.

  4. The Smiths ______ go there themselves tomorrow. Nobody wants to join them.

  5. We ______ hurry now. We have plenty of time.

  6. Mr Archer ______ be present at the Ambassador’s party. He was happy about it.

  7. Wendy ______ been mistaken. There is no doubt.

  8. Mrs Evans ______ do it herself. Nobody ______ do it instead of her.

  9. They ______ written these documents a few days ago. Look, they are all ready.

  10. My uncle ______ wake up so early. The taxi has been already ordered.

  11. Ted ______ waste so much time on this job. It’s so easy.

  12. Kevin ______ forgotten about it. He is so forgetful.

  13. Lilian ______ leave the flat immediately. There is something wrong with the gas.

  14. Mike and Susan ______ buy so much meat. We have chicken in the fridge.

  15. Jeremy ______ lost all the money in the casino last night.

  16. Mrs Donovan ______ to do all her chores by the next evening.

  17. Her aunt ______ bought that old villa long ago.

  18. My Granny ______ knit the clothes herself.

13.

Complete the sentences.

  1. You shouldn’t …

  2. Michael should…

  3. Your sister can …

  4. They must …

  5. I may …

  6. Eric needn’t …

  7. Mr Bolton had to …

  8. They were able to …

  9. Our children mustn’t …

  10. Your dog ought to …

14.

Choose the correct answer.

1

Mr Finnegan … said that. He is a well-mannered person.

  1. could

  2. can

  3. couldn’t have

2

Ashley … here in ten minutes. Let’s wait.

  1. might have been

  2. may be

  3. could be

3

Mrs Morris … leave her cabin yesterday.

  1. couldn’t

  2. may not

  3. can’t

4

Jason … in his room now.

  1. may be reading

  2. may read

  3. might have been reading

5

Helen … visit her aunts more frequently.

  1. must

  2. should have

  3. should

6

Mr Armstrong … done that. Everybody was surprised at his behaviour.

  1. mustn’t

  2. shouldn’t have

  3. shouldn’t

7

Billy … that to Monty. He felt offended.

  1. mustn’t say

  2. shouldn’t have said

  3. shouldn’t say

8

Peggy doesn’t know where her glasses are. She … them in the telephone box.

  1. may leave

  2. could leave

  3. may/might have left

9

Mrs Lee … her manners. She speaks too loudly.

  1. should mind

  2. must mind

  3. should have minded

10

Jim … such a silly thing. He is a clever boy.

  1. can’t do

  2. couldn’t do

  3. couldn’t have done

15.

Work in pairs. Answer the following questions.

  1. What can the members of your unit do?

  2. May you lend all your money to anybody?

  3. What must you do every weekend?

  4. Will you have to change the group at the university next year?

  5. Will you be able to organize a chess tournament at the university next year?

  6. What mustn’t you do at all?

  7. What shouldn’t students do at the tests?

  8. Where are you to meet your friend every day?

  9. What dare you say in your teacher’s presence?

  10. What needn’t you do now?

  11. What should people do at the parties?

  12. What ought you to do every week?

  13. What might you have said a minute ago?

  14. What did you have to do last week?

  15. What will you be able to do next week?

16.

Work in pairs. Dramatize the following dialogue. Tell it to the class.

N:

Can you ski, Bob?

B:

Yes, I can. My parents were world champions in skiing and taught me to ski at a very early age. I could ski when I was three. At the age of six I was able to jump from the ski jump. Can you ski, Nigel?

N:

Well, I couldn’t when I was a child, but I can now. Can you teach me to jump from the ski jump? Will I be able to do it?

B:

Of course, you will. I could have taught you long ago, but you didn’t ask.

17.

Work in pairs. Dramatize the following dialogue. Tell it to the class.

W:

I like this pullover, but it’size 20. All I need is size 14.

J:

Well size 20 might be huge. You may try on this one, in blue colour.

W:

Oh,I think it may fit me. Do you think they may have another colour? I don’t like blue.

J:

They may have. Should I ask the assistant?

W:

Do not bother, if it fits, I may take this one. I like the style.

18.

Work in pairs. Dramatize the following dialogue. Tell it to the class.

D:

Kevin has the flue, Mrs Green. It’s rather serious and he must stay in bed for a few days. He needn’t stay in bed all the time, but you must keep him away from the baby as much as possible if you don’t want her to fall ill.

G:

Does he have to take some medicine?

D:

Yes, he must drink Tylenol and a lot of hot tea with lemon. You needn’t phone the doctor, Mrs Green. I’ll call you tomorrow morning.

G:

How long must he stay in bed if the temperature is high?

D:

I think, a day or two. You needn’t worry about that, everything will be OK, Mrs Green. Good bye.

19.

Work in pairs. Make your own dialogues using all the modals. Report them to the class.

20.

Work in pairs. Complete the text, choose the correct word in brackets.

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