Grammar: modals must / mustn’t / needn’t

NOTE:

• We use must (= it is your duty to do sth, you are obliged to do sth) to express obligation.

E.g. You must wear a helmet when you ride a motorcycle.

• We use mustn’t (= it is forbidden to do sth, you are not allowed to do sth; it is against the rules or the law) to express prohibition.

E.g. You mustn’t feed the animals in the zoo.

• We use needn’t (= it isn’t necessary to do sth) to express absence of necessity.

E.g. You needn’t water the plants. I’ve already watered them.

7.	Complete the sentences. Use must, mustn’t or needn’t.

1. You ______ take photos when you are in the National Museum.

2. You ______ smoke when you are at a petrol station.

3. He ______ come to the party if he doesn’t want to.

4. You ______ buy this book. I can lend you mine.

5. You ______ wear formal clothes in order to attend the reception.

6. You ______ go to the bank. I can give you some money.

7. You ______ come in tomorrow. There’s not much work to do.

8. When on a plane, you ______ turn off your mobile phone.

8.	Write the following sentences using must, mustn’t or needn’t, as in the example.

1. It’s not permitted to walk on the grass. – You mustn’t walk on the grass.

2. It is necessary for John to renew his passport.

3. It is forbidden to park your car here.

4. It isn’t necessary for you to come along if you don’t want to.

5. He’s obliged to be at work at six o’clock in the morning.

6. It is forbidden to take photos in the museum.

7. It is your duty to protect the environment.

8. You aren’t allowed to use a dictionary during the exam.

9.	Complete the sentences using needn’t and the following verbs.

ask

come

explain

leave

tell

walk

1. We’ve got plenty of time. We needn’t leave yet.

2. I can manage the shopping alone. You ______ with me.

3. We ______ all the way home. We can get a taxi.

4. Just help yourself if you’d like more to eat. You ______ first.

5. We can keep this a secret between ourselves. We ______ anybody else.

6. I understand the situation perfectly. You ______ further.

10.	Complete the sentences. Use must, mustn’t or needn’t.

1. We haven’t much time. We ______ hurry.

2. We’ve got plenty of time. We ______ hurry.

3. We have enough food at home, so we ______ go shopping today.

4. Gary gave me a letter to post. I ______ remember to post it.

5. Gary gave me a letter to post. I ______ forget to post it.

6. There’s plenty of time for you to make up your mind. You ______ decide now.

7. You ______ those tomatoes. They’ve already been washed.

8. This is a valuable book. You ______ look after it carefully and you ______ lose it.

9. What sort of a house do you want to buy? Something big? – But it ______ be big – that’s not important. But it ______ have a nice garden – that’s essential.

11.	Read the situations and make sentences with needn’t have.

Note: compare needn’t (do) and needn’t have (done).

• Everything will be OK. You needn’t worry. (it’s not necessary)

• Everything was OK. You needn’t have worried. (you worried, but it was not necessary)

1. Paul went out. He took an umbrella because he thought it was going to rain. But it didn’t rain. He needn’t have taken an umbrella.

2. Linda bought some eggs when she went shopping. When she got home, she found that she already had plenty of eggs. She ……………………………..

3. A colleague got angry with you at work. He shouted at you, which you think was unnecessary. Later you say to him: ‘You ………………………………

4. Brian had money problems, so he sold his car. A few days later he won some money in a lottery. He ……………………………………………………….

5. We took a camcorder with us on holiday, but we didn’t use it in the end. We ………………………………………………………………………………..

6. I thought I was going to miss my train, so I rushed to the station. But the train was late and in the end I had to wait twenty minutes. ……………………….

12.	Write two sentences for each situation. Use needn’t have in the first sentence and could have in the second. The first one is done for you.

1. Why did you rush? Why didn’t you take your time? You needn’t have rushed, you could have taken your time.

2. Why did you walk home? Why didn’t you take a taxi?

3. Why did you stay at a hotel? Why didn’t you stay with us?

4. Why did she phone me in the middle of the night? Why didn’t she wait until the morning?

5. Why did you leave without saying anything? Why didn’t you say goodbye?

13.



Describe the picture.

LAUGHS PARADE

Overseas Complaint

A soldier stationed somewhere overseas far away from his home wrote in his letter to his parents:”If I sound blue (если я хандрю), it isn’t that I got up on the wrong side of bunk (койка). It’s that I got up on the wrong side of the world.”

At Sick Call

Medical officer: “And what’s the matter with you, my lad?”

“Recruit: ”I find it difficult to breathe, sir.”

Medical officer: “Right! Excused breathing for seven days.”

Miracles of Marching Drill

A rookie (новобранец) asked his companion the meaning of the command “Halt!”

“Why,” said his friend, “When the drill sergeant yells ‘Halt!’ you just bring the foot that’s on the ground to the side of the foot that’s in the air, an’ remain motionless.”

UNIT: 28

PEACEKEEPING

Lesson 3

PEACE SUPPORT OPERATIONS: RULES OF ENGAGEMENT

1.

In this exercise we’ll concentrate on the words and word combinations to be sure you know what they mean

1	hostile	showing or feeling opposition or dislike; unfriendly
2	intent	intention or purpose
3	accomplish	achieve or complete successfully
4	threat	a statement of an intention to inflict pain, injury, damage, or other hostile action on someone in retribution for something done or not done
5	imminent	almost certain to happen very soon
6	target	something at which someone is aiming a weapon or other object
7	endanger	put (someone or something) at risk or in danger
8	injury	damage done to a person's or an animal's body
9	self-defence	the defence of one's person or interests, especially through the use of physical force, which is permitted in certain cases as an answer to a charge of violent crime
10	destruction	the action or process of causing so much damage to something that it no longer exists or cannot be repaired
11	damage	physical harm that impairs the value, usefulness, or normal function of something
12	authorisation	a document giving official permission
13	checkpoint	a barrier or manned entrance, typically at a border, where travelers are subject to security checks
14	sniper	someone who shoots at people from a hidden position

2.

Read the text and translate it into Ukrainian.